Appendicular Skeleton

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Appendicular Skeleton
Division of the skeleton consisting of the
pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle and
lower limbs.
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Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
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Pectoral Girdle

• Attaches the bones of the upper limbs to the
  axial skeleton

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Clavicle

• Also known as the collarbone
• Long, slender S-shaped bone that lies
  horizontally above the first rib
• (Transmits mechanical force from the upper limb
  to the trunk)

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Scapula

• Also known as the shoulder blade
• Large, flat triangular bone on the posterior part
  of the thorax

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• SPINE A sharp ridge that runs diagonally across
  the back portion of the scapula body
• BODY Main flat area of the scapula
• ACROMION The lateral end of the spine. Where
  the scapula articulates with the clavicle

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• GLENOID CAVITY (glenoid fossa) - a depression
  inferior to the acromion where the head of the
  humerus sits
• CORACOID PROCESS Projection anterior to the
  acromion for muscle attachment

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Upper Limb
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Upper Limb

• Consists of 30 bones (all paired up)
• Humerus in the arm
• Ulna and radius in the forearm
• 8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, and 14 phalanges in the
  hand

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Humerus

• Longest and largest bone of the upper limb
• Articulates with the scapula at the shoulder and
  both the ulna and radius at the elbow

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Humerus Bone Surface Markings

• ANATOMICAL NECK constricted portion distal to
  the head site of the epiphyseal plate

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• BODY Main portion of the bone (diaphysis)
• DELTOID TUBEROSITY a roughened V-shaped area
  where the deltoid muscle attaches

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• CAPITULUM small rounded process at the distal
  end that articulates with the head of the radius.
• RADIAL FOSSA - a depression that receives the
  head of the radius when the forearm is bent.

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• TROCHLEA - a spool-shaped surface that
  articulates with the ulna.
• CORONOID FOSSA a depression that receives part
  of the ulna when the forearm is bent.
• OLECRANON FOSSA - a depression on the back of the
  bone that receives the ulna when the forearm is
  straightened.

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Ulna

• Located on the medial side of the forearm (pinky
  side)
• Longer than the radius

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Ulna Bone Surface Markings

• The olecranon forms the prominence of the elbow
  on the proximal end.
• The coronoid process projection on the proximal,
  helps to hold the trochlea
• Trochlear Notch depression formed by the
  olecranon and coronoid process

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• The radial notch is a depression for the head of
  the radius.
• A styloid process is a pointy projection at the
  distal end.

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Radius

• Located on the lateral side of the forearm (thumb
  side)

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Radius Bone Surface Markings

• Radial tuberosity a raised, roughened area that
  is where the biceps brachii muscle attaches to
  the bone
• Styloid Process pointy projection on the distal
  end

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Carpus (Wrist)

• 8 carpals
• Held together by ligaments with four bones in
  each row
• Named for their shapes
• Short bones

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• The carpals in the proximal (closest to the
  radius/ulna) row are the
• Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, and Pisiform
• The carpals in the distal row are the
• Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, and Hamate

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Metacarpus (Palm)

• 5 metacarpals
• Each consists of a proximal base, an intermediate
  body, and a distal head
• Numbered I-V starting with the thumb
• Long bones

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Phalanges (Fingers)

• 14 in each hand
• Thumb has two (proximal and distal)
• In each of the other four digits, there are three
  (proximal, middle, and distal)

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Disorders of the Upper Limb
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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

• Narrowing of the carpal tunnel causes compression
  of the median nerve
• The nerve compression causes pain, numbness,
  tingling, and hand muscle weakness

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Rotator Cuff Injury

• Tears or inflammation of ligaments and tendons of
  the shoulder near the humerus
• Results in pain and loss of shoulder mobility

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Fractures
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Checkpoint Questions

• Which bones make up a pectoral girdle? What is
  the function of the pectoral girdle?
• With which part of the scapula does the humerus
  articulate?
• What part of the ulna is called the elbow?
• What part of which bones are commonly called the
  knuckles?
• What bones form the upper limb, from proximal to
  distal?

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The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
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Pelvic (hip) Girdle

• Functions
• Support for vertebral column
• Protect pelvic organs
• Attach lower limbs
• Coxal Bones Hip bones
• 3 parts Pubis, Ilium and Ischium

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Articulations

• Sacroiliac Joint posterior articulation of the
  pelvic girdle
• Pubic Symphysis anterior articulation of the
  pelvic girdle
• Acetabulum attachment point of the femur
• socket of the ball and socket joint

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Coxal Bones

• Pubis anterior portion
• Joined by pubic symphysis
• Ilium superior portion
• Iliac Crest ridge at the top of the ilium
• Ischium inferior portion
• Acetabulum socket for the head of the femur
• Obturator Foramen hole formed by the ischium
  and pubis

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Pelvis

• Combination of the sacrum, coccyx, and the 2 hip
  bones
• Greater (false) Top portion that is not fully
  enclosed by bone
• Lesser (true) Bottom portion the is completely
  surrounded by bone

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Pelvis - continued

• Ilium
• Ischium
• Pubis
• Pubic Symphysis
• Sacrum
• Coccyx
• Pelvic Brim
• Pubic Arch

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X-Ray of Pelvis
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Comparison of Male and Female Pelvis
Point of Comparison Female Male
General Structure Light and Thin Heavy and Thick
False Pelvis Shallow Deep
Pelvic Inlet Larger and Oval Smaller and Heart Shaped
Acetabulum Small, faces anteriorly Large and faces laterally
Obturator Foramen Oval Round
Pubic Arch Greater than 90o Less than 90o
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Comparison of Male and Female Pelvis
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Pelvimetry

• Measurement of the size of the inlet and outlet
  of the birth canal.

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Pelvic Girdle Checkpoint

• What is the name of the hip bone?
• What are the 3 parts of the hip bone?
• Can you identify them on a diagram???
• List 3 functions of the pelvic girdle
• What is the name of the socket where the head
  of the femur sits?
• List 3 differences between the male and female
  pelvis. Why are these present?

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LOWER LIMB

• Includes the thigh, leg, ankle, foot and toes
• 30 bones in each
• Femur
• Patella
• Tibia
• Fibula
• Tarsals
• Metatarsals
• Phalanges

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Femur

• Thigh Bone
• Longest, strongest heaviest bone in the body
• Diaphysis has a medial bend to bring knees closer
  to the midline of the body

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Femur continued

• Body - diaphysis
• Head ball of ball and socket joint
• Neck common site of fractures
• Greater and Lesser Trochanters used for muscle
  attachment
• Lateral and Medial Condyles articulation with
  the tibia
• Patellar Surface

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Patella

• Sesamoid bone
• Develops in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris
  muscle
• Increases the leverage of the tendon and
  maintains the position of the tendon

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Patellofemoral stress syndrome

• AKA Runners Knee
• Patella does not glide up and down between the
  femoral condyles but rather laterally causing
  pain.

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Tibia

• Shin Bone
• Larger of 2 lower leg bones

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Tibia Continued

• Lateral and Medial Condyles articulate with the
  femur
• Tibial Tuberosity roughened area on
  anterior/proximal portion of the tibia for muscle
  attachment
• Medial Malleolus bump on the inside of the ankle

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Shin Splints

• Soreness or pain along the tibia due to
  inflammation of the periosteum caused by the
  repeated tugging of the attached muscles and
  tendons.
• Often the result of walking or running up and
  down hills.

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Fibula

• Parallel and lateral to the tibia
• Articulates with the tibia and the talus (ankle
  bone)
• Lateral malleolus bump on the outside of the
  ankle

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The Foot
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Tarsals

• 7 Ankle Bones
• Posterior Talus and Calcaneus
• Anterior cuboid, navicular and 3 cuneiform

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Metatarsals

• 5 bones make up the instep of the foot
• Numbered I-V starting medially

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Phalanges

• 14 in each foot
• Hallux (Big Toe) has 2, the rest of the toes have
  3

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Bones of the Foot

• A - Talus
• B Navicular
• C - Cuneiform
• D - Cuneiform
• E Distal Phalanx
• F Middle Phalanx
• G Proximal Phalanx
• H - Metatarsal
• I - Cuneiform
• J - Cuboid
• K - Calcaneous

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Arches of the Foot

• Transverse and Longitudinal
• Arches enable the foot to support the weight of
  the body

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LOWER LIMB CHECKPOINT

• What are the bones of the lower limb?
• Describe the hip joint
• Describe the knee joint
• Which is the medial bone of the lower leg?
• What type of bone is the patella?

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Joint (AKA Articulation)

• A point of contact between bones, between
  cartilage and bone or between teeth and bone

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More Definitions

• Arthrology The study of joints
• Kinesiology study of the movement of the human
  body
• Rheumatology the field of medicine devoted to
  joint diseases and related conditions

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Classification of Joints

• Functional Classification related to the degree
  of movement it permits
• Structural Classification classified by the
  presence or absence of space between bones and
  the type of connective tissue that binds them
  together

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Functional Classifications

• Synarthrosis immovable joint
• Amphiarthrosis slightly moveable joint
• Diarthrosis Freely movable joint

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Structural Classifications

• Fibrous Joints
• Cartilaginous Joints
• Synovial Joints

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Fibrous Joints

• Bones are held together by fibrous connective
  tissue that is rich in collagen fibers
• No synovial cavity

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Fibrous joints

• Permits little or no movement
• Suture connect bones of the skull
• Syndesmosis the distance between the 2 bones is
  greater than in a suture. Ex between tibia and
  fibula
• Gomphosis a cone shaped peg (tooth) fits into a
  cavity (socket)

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Cartilaginous Joints

• The bones are held together by cartilage
• No synovial cavity

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Cartilaginous Joints

• Allows little or no movement
• Synchondrosis the connecting material is
  hyaline cartilage. Ex - epiphyseal plate
• Symphysis ends of the bones are covered with
  articular cartilage but the cones are connected
  by a broad flat disc of fibrocartilage. Ex
  pubic symphysis

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Synovial Joints

• Bones have a synovial cavity and are united by a
  dense irregular connective tissue and accessory
  ligaments

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Synovial joints

• Unique Characteristics
• Synovial cavity
• Articular cartilage
• Articular capsule
• Fibrous capsule outer layer (can form
  ligaments)
• Synovial membrane areolar connective tissue
  with elastic fibers
• Synovial Fluid secreted by the synovial
  membrane. It lubricates the joint, supplies
  nutrients and removes metabolic waste.

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Synovial joints

• Accessory Ligaments ligaments that are both
  inside and outside the articular capsule (ex
  collateral ligaments of the knee)
• Menisci pads of fibrocartilage that lie between
  articular surfaces of the bones and attach to the
  fibrous capsule
• Allows 2 bones of different shapes to fit more
  tightly
• Bursa saclike structures between skin and bone
  or between tendons and bones situated to reduce
  friction

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Torn Meniscus

• The tearing of the cartilage in the knee is
  common among athletes. Damaged cartilage can
  wear away the joint and eventually develop into
  arthritis. The surgical repair of the knee may
  be assisted by arthroscopy (a small lighted tool
  is inserted into the knee for visualization)

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Types of Synovial Joints

• Planar intercarpal, intertarsal,
  sternoclavicular
• Hinge knee, elbow, ankle, fingers
• Pivot atlanoaxial, radioulnar
• Condyloid wrist and metacarpals
• Saddle wrist and thumb
• Ball and Socket shoulder, hips

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SEE ALSO PAGE 163 IN THE TEXT BOOK FOR VERY GOOD
ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SYNOVIAL JOINTS
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Types of Movements at Synovial Joints
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Gliding

• A simple movement in which relatively flat bone
  surfaces move back-and-forth and side-to-side
  relative to one another.
• Limited in range by the articular capsule and
  ligaments of the joint
• Occurs in Planar Joints (carpals, tarsals,
  sternoclavicular)

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Angular Movements

• There is an increase or decrease in the angle
  between articulating bones
• Flexion, Extensions, Abduction, Adduction

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Flexion/Extension

• Flexion - A decrease in the angle between
  articulating bones
• Extension An increase in the angle between
  articulating bones
• Found in hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle and
  ball-and-socket joints
• HYPEREXTENSION extension beyond anatomical
  position

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Abduction/Adduction

• Abduction movement away from the midline of the
  body
• Adduction movement toward the midline of the
  body
• Found at condyloid, saddle and ball and socket
  joints

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Circumduction

• Movement of the distal end of a body part in a
  circle
• Found at ball-and-socket joints

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Rotation

• A bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis
• Found at pivot and ball and socket joints

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Special Movements

• Occur only at certain joints
• Include elevation, depression, protraction,
  retraction, inversion, eversion, dorsiflection,
  plantar flexion, supination and pronation

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• Elevation - upward movement of a body part
  (closing your mouth)
• Depression downward movement of a body part
  (opening your mouth)
• Protraction movement of a body part forward
  (mandible or clavicles)
• Retraction returning a protracted part to
  anatomical position

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• Inversion movement of the soles medially so
  they face each other
• Eversion movement of the soles laterally so
  they are away from eachother
• Dorsiflexion Bending the feet upward (like
  standing on your heels)
• Plantar Flexion Bending the feet down (like
  standing on your toes)

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• Supination turning the palm upward
• Pronation turning the palm downward