Joints

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Joints
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Types of joints

• Fibrous
• Cartilagenous
• Synovial

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Fibrous

• Immoveable
• Ex, plates of skull

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Cartilageneous

• Partially moveable
• Connected by cartilage
• Ex, joints between vertebrae

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Synovial

• Hinge
• Joint between 3rd
• metacarpal and long
• pastern
• Ball and Socket
• Joint between femur
• and ilium

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Can you name the bones?
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Skull
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What we would call the mouth

• Premaxilla (incisive bone)
• Holds alveoli for upper incisor teeth
• Maxilla
• Holds alveoli for molar and premolar teeth
• Mandible (lower jaw)
• Holds alveoli for all teeth of lower jaw What we
  would call the mouth

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And all the rest
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Spine

• Cervical Vertbrae
• Thoracic Vertebrae
• Lumbar Vertebrae
• Sacrum
• Caudal/Coccygeal
• Vertebrae

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Cervical Vertebrae

• Make up the neck of the horse
• 1st cervical vertebra Atlas
• 2nd cervical vertebra Axis

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Thoracic Vertebrae

• 18
• Characteristically have high spines
• 3rd and 4th form the withers

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Lumbar Vertebrae

• 6
• Characteristically long and flat

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SacrumCoccyx

• Made up of 6 sacral vertebrae fused
• together
• Made up of 15-21 coccygeal
• vertebrae

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Ribs Sternum

• 18 pairs of ribs
• First 8 pairs are connected to the sternum
• Sternum breast bone
• Made up of 6-8 sternebrae and cartilage

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Foreleg
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Shoulder bones connected to the

• Scapula
• Humerus
• Radius
• Ulna (not a functional bone in a horse)

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From the wrist distally

• Carpus
• Forms what is commonly called the knee joint in a
  horse
• Metacarpus
• 3rd metacarpal, or cannon bone is the only
  functional metacarpal
• Splint bones- small bones running parallel to the
  cannon bone on either side
• Splints is a condition when the splint bone
  sustains a fracture

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Fingers???

• Technically - phalanges
• 1st Phalange - Proximal Phalanx - Long Pastern
• 2nd Phalange - Middle Phalanx - Short Pastern
• 3rd Phalange - Distal Phalanx - Coffin Bone

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More

• Proximal and Distal
• Sesamoids
• Navicular Bone

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Can you name them?
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Hind Leg
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Pelvic Girdle

• Os Coxae half of the pelvic girdle
• 3 bones fused together
• Ilium
• Ischium
• Pubis

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Hip bones connected to the

• Femur
• Patella knee cap
• Crus Fibula and Tibia
• Fibula isnt functional fuses with length of
  tibia

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How highs the ankle?

• Tarsus Hock Joint (corresponds to human ankle)
• Metatarsus
• 3rd metatarsal (Cannon Bone) only functional
  metatarsal
• Splint bones
• Phalanges
• Long (1) Short (2) Pasterns
• Coffin Bone (3)
• Sesamoids and Navicular Bone

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Now you know the bones

• Can you name all 205 to 210 of them?

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While you were learning the names of the bones,
did you notice any connection between the human
skeleton and the equine?
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Here are just a few..

• We have almost the exact number of bones as
  horses
• Horses forelegs are almost identical to our arms
  in position, the only real difference being the
  elongation of the bones that make up our wrist,
  hand and fingers in the horses knee, lower leg
  (cannon), ankle and hoof

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Connections contd

• The same is true for their hindlegs ad our legs
  up to the knee, theyre almost the same, only
  less mobile around the joints in a horse. Our
  ankle bones, foot bones and toes are elongated to
  make the cannon and splints, pastern and hooves
  of a horse

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Differences

• The main differences between a horses skeleton
  and a humans skeleton come from a horse being a
  quadraped while humans are bipeds
• This changes the angle of the limbs in relation
  to the spine, the length of the neck, and the
  shape of the head
• Horses being prey animals and humans predators
  also affects the skull a horses orbits are
  laterally positioned because they are monocular,
  and their jaw is longer to provide for the
  powerful molars they use to chew their fibrous
  diet

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The End