20th Century: World War II

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20th Century World War II

• Causes and results Adler Ch 46 47,48,49
• Dictatorships Fascists and Communist

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Dictators TotalitarianismCharacteristics

• Total State Not passive obedience
• Expected active loyalty and commitment
• control of political, economic, social and
  cultural aspects of life
• led by a single leader and party
• not interested in individual freedom (civil
  liberties)
• used modern technology and propaganda

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Representative 20th Century Dictators

• The Fascists
• Benito Mussolini- Italy
• Adolph Hitler- Germany
• Fransico Franco- Spain
• Juan Peron- Argentina

• The Communists
• Joseph Stalin - USSR
• Mao Zedong- China
• Ho Chi Minh- Vietnam
• Fidel Castro- Cuba
• Tito- Yugoslavia

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Benito Mussolini 1883-1945Il Duce

• First Fascist Dictator
• Italy- in political and economic crisis
• had support of middle class seeking stability
• 1922- march on Rome- Victor Emmanuel made him PM
• Could legislate by decree, police state
• Created Young Fascists- Never really in control
  of all culture/society

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Adolph Hitler 1889-1945Der Fuhrer

• born in Austria-early life in Vienna
• core of beliefs- anti-Semitic
• wrote Mein Kampf in jail in 20s
• built Nazi party on dissatisfaction
• won over elite and establishment
• fear of communists- largest party
• became chancellor
• Reichtag burned-emergency powers

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The Nazi State 1933-1945

• Total State techniques
• propaganda masters
• mass demonstrations
• rearmament of the military
• SS control of police using terror based on Nazi
  ideology (secret police,camps execution and
  extermination)
• Churches and youth groups under control
• GOAL Aryan ???? racial ??? state.

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Joseph Stalin and the USSRCommunist State

• Similar to Total state
• oppression of the masses
• ownership of production and land by the state
• forced rapid industrialization cruel
• purges- wondered who was in power
• elections? one party. 10 member

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Fascists (cont..)

• Spain General Francisco Franco 1892-1975
• resulted from a civil war with communists
• aided by Italy and Germany

• Latin America
• military dictators popular
• Juan Peron in Argentina

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Path to World War II

• Looking for living room expansion
• Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia
• Munich Conference- Chamberlain believed Hitler -
  would not demand more
• repudiated the Versailles Treaty-Rhineland
• 1938 annexed Austria
• Poland invasion 1939- Treaty with GB and France
  declared war
• Blitzkrieg

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Blitzkrieg- Lightening War

• Poland surrendered in 4 weeks
• Same speed took Denmark, Norway Belgium, Holland
  and France (s of Paris)
• Troops on continent trapped at Dunkirk
• Importance of airwar- bombing of England
• allied with Italy- took North Africa

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Allied Offensive 1943-45

• Began in North Africa
• Japan and the United States enter war in 1941
• Sicily 1943
• Italy to So France
• Normandy- largest invasion in history
• Other battles, Battle of the Bulge, Arnheim,
  Remagen, Berlin

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The Holocaust- the plan to eliminate the
opposition

• Concentration Camps become death Camps (more than
  100 of these)
• Brought Jews and any in opposition from all over
  Europe (Denmark the exception)
• Labor Camps- Arbeit Mach Frei
• killed two out of every 3 Jews- 6 mil
• Another 9-10 mil more

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Pacific WarJapan, China , US GB

• Japan had invaded and controlled much of China
  resisted by Mao Zedong and Chaing Kai Sheck
• Dec 7, 1941- Bombs on Pearl Harbor
• United States in the war
• Economy- rationing- war machines built
• Beginning of the end of tyranny
• United States Undisputed World Leader
• Making Plans for Peace

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Making Plans for Peace

• The Big Three Chruchill, Roosevelt, Stalin
• Locations Teheran, Yalta, Potsdam (Truman) VE
  Day
• Atomic Bomb Test / Dropped
• Ended War VJ Day
• Churchill An Iron curtain has descended in
  Europe Beginning of the Cold War