Title: Prisons and Jails
1Prisons and Jails
2Vocabulary
- Congregate System A 1900s prison system
developed in New York were inmates stayed in
separate cells during the night but worked
together in the daytime . - Consolidation A corrections model in which the
inmates who pose the highest security risk are
housed in a single facility to separate them from
the general prison population. - Dispersion A corrections model in which high-risk
inmates are spread throughout the general prison
population. - Jail A facility, usually operated by county
government, used to hold persons awaiting trial
or those who have been found guilty of
misdemeanors.
3Vocabulary
- Lockdown A disciplinary action taken by prison
officials in which all inmates are ordered to
their quarters. - Maximum Security Prison A correctional
institution designed and organized to control and
discipline dangerous felons, as well as prevent
escape, with intense supervision, cement walls,
and electronic, barbed wire fences. - Medical Model A model of corrections in which the
psychological and biological roots of an inmates
criminal behavior are identified and treated. - Medium-Security Prison A correctional institution
that houses less dangerous inmates and therefore
uses less restrictive measures to avoid violence
and escapes.
4Vocabulary
- Minimum-Security Prison A correctional
institution designed to allow inmates, most of
whom pose low security risks, a great deal of
freedom of movement and contact with the outside
world. - Penitentiary An early form of correctional
facility that emphasized separating inmates from
society and from each other. - Pretrial Detainees Individuals who cannot post
bail after arrest and are therefore forced to
spend the time prior to their trials in jail. - Private Prisons Correctional facilities operated
by private corporations instead of the
government.
5Vocabulary
- Separate Confinement A nineteenth-century
penitentiary system in which inmates were kept
separate from each other at all times. - Time Served The period of time a person denied
bail has spent in jail prior to his or her trial.
- Warden The prison official who is ultimately
responsible for the organization and performance
of a correctional facility.
6Questions for You
- What are some sights and sounds of a jail or
prison? - Should a jail or prison provide a harsh or
rehabilitating environment for its inmates? - Is solitary confinement humane or in humane? Why
or Why not? - Do you think jails or prisons deter people to do
crime in the U.S.?
7Short History of American Prisons
- Colonial History
- Walnut Street Prison The First Penitentiary
- Pennsylvania (1776) passed a law that
- offenders were to be reformed
- treatment and discipline rather than being beaten
or executed.
8The Pennsylvania System
- a. Two prisons included
- 1. Western Penitentiary near Pittsburgh.
- 2. Eastern Penitentiary in Cherry Hill.
- Practiced separate confinement.
- Consisted of back-to-back cells facing both
inward and outward.
9The New York System
- Initially run like Walnut Street.
- Found that solitary confinement led to sickness,
insanity and suicide. - Solitary confinement was abandoned in 1822.
10The New York System
- In 1831, the congregate system was started.
- a. Inmates worked and ate together.
- b. Silence was enforced by guards.
11The Reformers and the Progressives
- Rehabilitation became a new tool.
- Elmira Reformatory rewarded good behavior with
early release. - Progressives believed that crime was caused by
- a. Social b. Economic c. Biological factors.
- Medical Model held that institutions should offer
a variety of treatments and programs to cure
inmates.
12The Reassertion of Punishment
- 1. In 1974, Martinson published his work critical
of rehabilitation. - 2. Martinsons work and a rise in the crime rate
helped create a get-tough philosophy towards
crime. - Do you think the role of the
- prisons should be more
- rehabilitative or
- punishment?
13The Origins of Prisons Activity
- Age of Torture
- The Reformers
- Building Ideals
- 19th Century
14Activity Continued
- What is a pillory and how was it used?
- What is a prison hulk?
- What is a Panopticon prison and who invented it?
- In five sentences, explain how the Quakers
influenced prison reform. - Briefly explain architectural and disciplinary
ideals in the earliest prisons. - How did prison design change in the 19th century?
15The Prison Population Bomb
- A. According to Blumstein of Carnegie Mellon
University much of the growth of prison
populations is due to the enhancement and
stricter enforcement of drug laws.
16Four Factors of Increased Populations in Prisons
- Increased probability of incarceration is greater
than twenty years ago. - Inmates serving more time for each crime
- Federal prison growth since 1995 the federal
prison population has been growing at twice the
rate of the states. - Rising incarceration rates of women in 1981
there were 14,000 women in prison, by 2003, the
number had reached 100,102.
17Types of Prisons
- Maximum-Security Prisons
- Medium-Security Prisons
- Minimum-Security Prisons
18Maximum-Security Prisons
- They are designed with full attention to security
and surveillance. - Inmates lives are programmed in militaristic
fashion. - About one-quarter of nations prisons are
maximum-security institutions. - Maximum security facilities house approximately
16 percent of the nations prisoners.
19Medium-Security Prisons
- Medium security facilities hold 35 percent of
prison population - Commit less serious offenses and are less of a
risk for escaping. - More programs, more freedom of movement and more
contact between inmates.
20Minimum-Security Prisons
- Minimum security facilities 49 percent of prison
population. - facilities often look more like college campuses
than prisons. - Inmates are mostly nonviolent and well behaved.
- Extreme freedom of movement
21Facility Research Project
- Working in pairs, your partner and you will
research two facilities on the federal, local, or
state level. - Using your handout, you will create a one page
report on each facility and create a presentation
to give to the class on the facilities that you
choose.
22What is the difference?
- Government Prisons and Private Prisons
- Using the diagram tell me
- Five Reasons why privatized prisons
- What are three arguments against it?
- Five differences between Maximum Security
- Prisons and Medium Security Prisons
23Prison Administration
- Management Difficulties
- 1. Consequences of
- mismanagement can
- be severe.
- 2. Breakdowns in
- managerial control
- commonly preceded
- acts of mass violence.
24Prison Management Structure
- The management structure of prisons is similar to
those of police departments. - Both systems have hierarchical chain of command.
25Prison Management Structure
- Police departments have a continuity of purpose
that is sometimes lacking in prison
organizations. - In prisons the employees are
- 1. counselors trying to rehabilitate.
- 2. guards attempting to control.
- The warden or superintendent is ultimately
responsible for the operation of a prison.
26The Emergence of Private Prisons
- Labor costs are less expensive for private
prisons. - Competitive bidding the drive for profit pushes
private prisons to pay the lowest possible price
for items. - Less red tape private prisons do not have the
same amounts of paperwork that slow down
governmental organizations.
27The Function of Jails
- Holding those convicted of misdemeanors.
- Receiving/holding individuals pending
arraignment, trial, conviction or sentencing. - Temporary detention of juveniles.
- Holding mentally ill pending transfer to mental
health facility.
28The Function of Jails
- Detaining probation/parole violators or those who
jumped bail. - Houses inmates awaiting transfer to state or
federal prisons. - Operating community-based corrections programs.
29The Jail Population
- Pretrial Detainees (walking legal contradictions)
- Sentenced Jail Inmates individuals sentenced to
short terms, typically between thirty and ninety
days. - Other Jail Inmates include convicted felons
awaiting transfer to state or federal prisons,
probation or parole violators.
30The End of the Line Supermax Prisons
- The Worst of the Worst
- Prisoners are committed to a supermax because
they misbehave in standard penal institutions. - Held in one-person cells.
- Permitted out of their cells only ninety minutes
a day.
31Marion The First Supermax
- After Alcatraz was closed in 1963, the Bureau of
Prisons attempted to disperse the worst
prisoners throughout the prison system. - 2. In 1983, Marion experienced a rash of violence
that resulted in a total lockdown of the
institution. - 3. Marion left the lockdown policy in effect,
creating the first supermax.
32The New Generation Supermax
- In the past decade, a new generation of supermax
facilities has been created. - These new facilities focus on technology, and
security in the housing and movement of inmates.
33Senseless Suffering?
- Various groups argue that supermax prisons are
cruel and unusual. - So far, the courts have not forced the
elimination of supermax prisons.
34Think-Pair-Share
- The article called The End of the Line Supermax
Prisons
35Final Project
- Your partner and you will design a prison or jail
- You will have to design the building, rank
structure, programs, security measures, daily
routines, housing arrangements, and more.