Prisons and Jails

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Prisons and Jails

• Mr. Whitaker

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Vocabulary

• Congregate System A 1900s prison system
  developed in New York were inmates stayed in
  separate cells during the night but worked
  together in the daytime .
• Consolidation A corrections model in which the
  inmates who pose the highest security risk are
  housed in a single facility to separate them from
  the general prison population.
• Dispersion A corrections model in which high-risk
  inmates are spread throughout the general prison
  population.
• Jail A facility, usually operated by county
  government, used to hold persons awaiting trial
  or those who have been found guilty of
  misdemeanors.

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Vocabulary

• Lockdown A disciplinary action taken by prison
  officials in which all inmates are ordered to
  their quarters.
• Maximum Security Prison A correctional
  institution designed and organized to control and
  discipline dangerous felons, as well as prevent
  escape, with intense supervision, cement walls,
  and electronic, barbed wire fences.
• Medical Model A model of corrections in which the
  psychological and biological roots of an inmates
  criminal behavior are identified and treated.
• Medium-Security Prison A correctional institution
  that houses less dangerous inmates and therefore
  uses less restrictive measures to avoid violence
  and escapes.

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Vocabulary

• Minimum-Security Prison A correctional
  institution designed to allow inmates, most of
  whom pose low security risks, a great deal of
  freedom of movement and contact with the outside
  world.
• Penitentiary An early form of correctional
  facility that emphasized separating inmates from
  society and from each other.
• Pretrial Detainees Individuals who cannot post
  bail after arrest and are therefore forced to
  spend the time prior to their trials in jail.
• Private Prisons Correctional facilities operated
  by private corporations instead of the
  government.

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Vocabulary

• Separate Confinement A nineteenth-century
  penitentiary system in which inmates were kept
  separate from each other at all times.
• Time Served The period of time a person denied
  bail has spent in jail prior to his or her trial.
  
• Warden The prison official who is ultimately
  responsible for the organization and performance
  of a correctional facility.

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Questions for You

• What are some sights and sounds of a jail or
  prison?
• Should a jail or prison provide a harsh or
  rehabilitating environment for its inmates?
• Is solitary confinement humane or in humane? Why
  or Why not?
• Do you think jails or prisons deter people to do
  crime in the U.S.?

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Short History of American Prisons

• Colonial History
• Walnut Street Prison The First Penitentiary
• Pennsylvania (1776) passed a law that
• offenders were to be reformed
• treatment and discipline rather than being beaten
  or executed.

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The Pennsylvania System

• a. Two prisons included
• 1. Western Penitentiary near Pittsburgh.
• 2. Eastern Penitentiary in Cherry Hill.
• Practiced separate confinement.
• Consisted of back-to-back cells facing both
  inward and outward.

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The New York System

• Initially run like Walnut Street.
• Found that solitary confinement led to sickness,
  insanity and suicide.
• Solitary confinement was abandoned in 1822.

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The New York System

• In 1831, the congregate system was started.
• a. Inmates worked and ate together.
• b. Silence was enforced by guards.

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The Reformers and the Progressives

• Rehabilitation became a new tool.
• Elmira Reformatory rewarded good behavior with
  early release.
• Progressives believed that crime was caused by
• a. Social b. Economic c. Biological factors.
• Medical Model held that institutions should offer
  a variety of treatments and programs to cure
  inmates.

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The Reassertion of Punishment

• 1. In 1974, Martinson published his work critical
  of rehabilitation.
• 2. Martinsons work and a rise in the crime rate
  helped create a get-tough philosophy towards
  crime.
• Do you think the role of the
• prisons should be more
• rehabilitative or
• punishment?

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The Origins of Prisons Activity

• Age of Torture
• The Reformers
• Building Ideals
• 19th Century

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Activity Continued

• What is a pillory and how was it used?
• What is a prison hulk?
• What is a Panopticon prison and who invented it?
• In five sentences, explain how the Quakers
  influenced prison reform.
• Briefly explain architectural and disciplinary
  ideals in the earliest prisons.
• How did prison design change in the 19th century?

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The Prison Population Bomb

• A. According to Blumstein of Carnegie Mellon
  University much of the growth of prison
  populations is due to the enhancement and
  stricter enforcement of drug laws.

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Four Factors of Increased Populations in Prisons

• Increased probability of incarceration is greater
  than twenty years ago.
• Inmates serving more time for each crime
• Federal prison growth since 1995 the federal
  prison population has been growing at twice the
  rate of the states.
• Rising incarceration rates of women in 1981
  there were 14,000 women in prison, by 2003, the
  number had reached 100,102.

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Types of Prisons

• Maximum-Security Prisons
• Medium-Security Prisons
• Minimum-Security Prisons

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Maximum-Security Prisons

• They are designed with full attention to security
  and surveillance.
• Inmates lives are programmed in militaristic
  fashion.
• About one-quarter of nations prisons are
  maximum-security institutions.
• Maximum security facilities house approximately
  16 percent of the nations prisoners.

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Medium-Security Prisons

• Medium security facilities hold 35 percent of
  prison population
• Commit less serious offenses and are less of a
  risk for escaping.
• More programs, more freedom of movement and more
  contact between inmates.

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Minimum-Security Prisons

• Minimum security facilities 49 percent of prison
  population.
• facilities often look more like college campuses
  than prisons.
• Inmates are mostly nonviolent and well behaved.
• Extreme freedom of movement

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Facility Research Project

• Working in pairs, your partner and you will
  research two facilities on the federal, local, or
  state level.
• Using your handout, you will create a one page
  report on each facility and create a presentation
  to give to the class on the facilities that you
  choose.

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What is the difference?

• Government Prisons and Private Prisons
• Using the diagram tell me
• Five Reasons why privatized prisons
• What are three arguments against it?
• Five differences between Maximum Security
• Prisons and Medium Security Prisons

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Prison Administration

• Management Difficulties
• 1. Consequences of
• mismanagement can
• be severe.
• 2. Breakdowns in
• managerial control
• commonly preceded
• acts of mass violence.

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Prison Management Structure

• The management structure of prisons is similar to
  those of police departments.
• Both systems have hierarchical chain of command.

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Prison Management Structure

• Police departments have a continuity of purpose
  that is sometimes lacking in prison
  organizations.
• In prisons the employees are
• 1. counselors trying to rehabilitate.
• 2. guards attempting to control.
• The warden or superintendent is ultimately
  responsible for the operation of a prison.

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The Emergence of Private Prisons

• Labor costs are less expensive for private
  prisons.
• Competitive bidding the drive for profit pushes
  private prisons to pay the lowest possible price
  for items.
• Less red tape private prisons do not have the
  same amounts of paperwork that slow down
  governmental organizations.

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The Function of Jails

• Holding those convicted of misdemeanors.
• Receiving/holding individuals pending
  arraignment, trial, conviction or sentencing.
• Temporary detention of juveniles.
• Holding mentally ill pending transfer to mental
  health facility.

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The Function of Jails

• Detaining probation/parole violators or those who
  jumped bail.
• Houses inmates awaiting transfer to state or
  federal prisons.
• Operating community-based corrections programs.

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The Jail Population

• Pretrial Detainees (walking legal contradictions)
• Sentenced Jail Inmates individuals sentenced to
  short terms, typically between thirty and ninety
  days.
• Other Jail Inmates include convicted felons
  awaiting transfer to state or federal prisons,
  probation or parole violators.

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The End of the Line Supermax Prisons

• The Worst of the Worst
• Prisoners are committed to a supermax because
  they misbehave in standard penal institutions.
• Held in one-person cells.
• Permitted out of their cells only ninety minutes
  a day.

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Marion The First Supermax

• After Alcatraz was closed in 1963, the Bureau of
  Prisons attempted to disperse the worst
  prisoners throughout the prison system.
• 2. In 1983, Marion experienced a rash of violence
  that resulted in a total lockdown of the
  institution.
• 3. Marion left the lockdown policy in effect,
  creating the first supermax.

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The New Generation Supermax

• In the past decade, a new generation of supermax
  facilities has been created.
• These new facilities focus on technology, and
  security in the housing and movement of inmates.

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Senseless Suffering?

• Various groups argue that supermax prisons are
  cruel and unusual.
• So far, the courts have not forced the
  elimination of supermax prisons.

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Think-Pair-Share

• The article called The End of the Line Supermax
  Prisons

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Final Project

• Your partner and you will design a prison or jail
• You will have to design the building, rank
  structure, programs, security measures, daily
  routines, housing arrangements, and more.