Al Oruba International Schools Girls

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Al Oruba International SchoolsGirls section
grammar g 8
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Ch12 Parts of Speech

• Grammar Grade 8

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Parts of Speech

• It is important to understand that every word in
  a sentence has a job to do, a role in the
  sentence.

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Parts of speech

• Nouns
• Pronouns
• Adjectives
• Articles
• Verbs
• Adverbs
• Prepositions
• Conjunctions
• Interjection

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The Noun A noun is a word or word group that is
used to name a person ,a place ,a thing, or an
idea.
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Common Proper noun

• A proper noun names a particular
  person,place,thing ,or an idea and is
  capitalized.
• A common noun names anyone of a group of
  persons,places,things,or ideas and is generally
  not capitalized

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Examples
Proper nouns Common nouns
Charles Drew Cleopatra Cairo Eiffel Tower Africa Monday scientist women city building continent day
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Concrete and Abstract Nouns

• A concrete noun names a person ,place ,or thing
  that can be perceived by one or more of the
  senses(sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell).
• An abstract noun names an idea, a feeling, a
  quality, or a characteristic.

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Compound Nouns

• A compound noun consists of two or more words
  used together as a single noun. The parts of a
  compound noun may be written as one word ,as
  separate words, or as a hyphenated word.

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Collective Nouns

• A collective noun is a word that names a group.

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The Pronouns

• A pronoun is a word that is used in a place of
  one or more nouns or pronouns.
• The word that a pronoun stands for or refers to
  is called the antecedent of the pronoun .
• For example The tour guide showed the students
  where they could see Mayan pottery.
• Personal pronoun refers to the one
  speaking(1st.person),the one spoken to (2nd
  person),or the one spoken about(3rd person).

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Pronouns Table
Reflexive pronouns/intensive pronouns Possessive pronouns Possessive Adjectives Object pronouns Subject pronouns person
Myself My Mine Me I 1st. person
Ourselves Our Ours Us We 1st. person
Yourself/yourselves Your Yours You You 2ND person
Himself His His Him He 3rd person
Herself Her Hers Her She 3rd person
Itself Its Its It It 3rd person
Themselves Their Theirs Them They 3rd person
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Demonstrative Pronouns

• A demonstrative pronoun is used to point out a
  specific person, place,thing,or idea.
• Examples The tacos I made taste better than
  those.

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Interrogative Pronouns

• An interrogative pronoun introduces a
• question.
• Example Which of the songs is your favorite?

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Relative Pronouns

• A relative pronoun introduces a subordinate
  clause.
• Example The ship that you saw is sailing to
  Greece.

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Indefinite Pronouns

• An indefinite pronoun refers to one or more
  persons ,places, ideas, or things that may or may
  not be specifically named.
• Examples Angelo has everything he will need to
  go rock climbing .

one most each all
other much either another
several neither everyone any
some nobody everything anybody
somebody none few anyone
something No one many anything
such nothing more both
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The Adjective

• An adjective is a word that is used to modify a
  noun or pronoun.
• To modify a word means to describe the word or to
  make its meaning more definite .an adjective
  modifies a noun or a pronoun by telling What
  kind, Which one, or How many.

Irish lace Lowest price Gray skies Far-fetched tale What kind?
Those girls Last chance Either way Next day Which one?
Fewer hours Some problems Five fingers One river How many?
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Demonstrative Adjectives

• This ,that ,these, and those can be used both as
  adjectives and as pronouns. When they modify
  nouns or pronouns they are called demonstrative
  adjectives. When they take the place of nouns or
  pronouns ,they are called demonstrative pronouns.

Did Jennifer draw this picture or that one? Lets take these sandwiches and those apples on our picnic. Demonstrative Adjectives
This is mine and that is his. These are much more expensive than those are. Demonstrative pronouns
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Pronoun or Adjective?

• Some words may be used as either pronouns or
  adjectives. When used as pronouns, these words
  take the place of nouns or other pronous.when
  used as adjectives, they modify nouns or
  pronouns.

Adjective Pronoun
I like that shirt Either car will do Which one is yours? Whose hat is it? I like that Either will do Which is yours? Whose is it?
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Noun or Adjective?

• Many words that can stand alone as nouns can also
  be used as adjectives modifying nouns or
  pronouns.
• Sometimes a proper adjective and a noun are used
  together so frequently that they become a
  compound noun Brazil nut, French bread,
  Christmas tree, Swiss cheese.
• Adjectives formed from proper nouns are called
  proper adjectives.

Adjectives Common nouns
Cheese sandwich Snow sculpture Winter sale Weather report Steel girder Cheese Snow Winter Weather Steel
Proper adjectives Proper nouns
Choctaw tradition Texas coast Picasso painting Dublin streets Roosevelt administration Choctaw Texas Picasso Dublin Roosevelt
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Articles

• The most frequently used adjectives are a, an
  ,and the. These words are called articles.
• A and an are called indefinite articles because
  they refer to ant member of a general group.
• Examples An elephant escaped-This is an honor.
• THE is called the definite article because it
  refers to someone or something in particular.
• Examples The girl won ./The honor goes to her.

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THE VERB

• A verb is a word that is used to express action
  or a state of being.
• Transitive and intransitive verbs
• A transitive verb is a verb that express an
  action directed toward a person ,place, or thing.
  Words that receive the action of a transitive
  verb are called objects.
• Example Juanita mailed the package.
• An intransitive verb expresses action (or tells
  something about the subject) without the action
  passing to a receiver, or object.
• Example After their long walk, the children ate
  quickly.

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Action verbs

• An action verb expresses either physical or
  mental action. Action verbs can be transitive or
  intransitive.

write sit arise describe receive go Physical action
remember think believe consider understand know Mental action
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Linking verbs

• A linking verb connects the subject to a word or
  word group that identifies or describes the
  subject. The most commonly used linking verbs are
  forms of the verb be.

Should be Would be Can be Could be Should have been Would have been Could have been Shall be Will be Has been Have ben Had been Shall have been Will have been Be Being Am Is Are Was Were
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Linking verbs

• Here are some other frequently used linking
  verbs.
• Note because they do not have objects(words that
  tell who or what receives the action of the
  verb),linking verbs are considered intransitive.

Stay Taste Turn Seem Smell Sound Grow Look Remain Appear Become Feel
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Verb Phrases

• A verb phrase consists of at least one main verb
  and one or more helping verbs. A helping
  verb(also called an auxiliary verb)helps the main
  verb express action or a state of being
• Besides all forms of the verb be ,the following
  verbs can be used as helping verbs.

Can do has might should Could does have must will Did had may shall would
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Verb Phrases

• Notice how helping verbs work together with main
  verbs to form complete verb phrases.
• Example is leaving - may become - might have
  remained
• Sometimes the parts of a verb phrase are
  interrupted by other parts of speech.
• Example She had always been thinking of her
  future.
• Note the word not is an adverb .it is never
  part of a verb phrase even when it is joined to a
  verb as the contraction nt.

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The Adverb

• An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or
  another adverb it makes their meaning more
  definite. An adverb tells where, when,how,or to
  what extent (how long or how much).

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The Adverb

1. Adverbs Modifying Verbs in the following
   examples, each boldface adverb modifies a verb.

When? Where?
May we go tomorrow? Water the plant weekly. Well see you later. He arrived early. We lived there. Please step up. I have the ticket here. Put that down.
To what Extent? How?
Fill the tank completely. He hardly moved. Did she hesitate slightly? They partly completed the form. She quickly agreed. The rain fell softly. Drive carefully. He sang beautifully.
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The Adverb

• 2.Adverbs modifying Adjectives
• Examples
• Beth did an exceptionally fine job.(the adverb
  exceptionally modifies the adjective fine
  ,telling to what extent).
• Slightly cooler temperatures are forecast.(the
  adverb slightly modifies the adjective cooler
  ,telling to what extent).
• Mr.lomazzi is an especially talented chef.(the
  adverb especially modifies the adjective talented
  telling to what extent).

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The Adverb

• 3. Adverbs modifying other adverbs
• Examples
• Calvin was almost never there .the adverb almost
  modifies the adverb never, telling to what
  extent
• Well meet shortly afterward.the adverb shortly
  modifies the adverb afterward telling to what
  extent
• She slept too late.the adverb too modifies the
  adverb late, telling to what extent

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The Adverb

• 4-Noun or adverb?
• Some words that can be used as nouns can also be
  used as adverbs.
• Example
• Tomorrow never seems to arrivenoun
• We will leave tomorrow.tomorrow is used as an
  adverb telling when
• Think of this place as your home.noun
• He was eager to come home.home is used as an
  adverb telling where
• Note when identifying parts of speech,rememberA
  word used to modify a verb ,an adjective, or
  another adverb is called an adverb.

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The preposition

• A preposition is a word that shows the
  relationship of a noun or a pronoun to another
  word
• By changing the preposition in the following
  examples .you can change the relationship of
  Saint Bernard to bed and Everything to beach.
• The noun or pronoun that a preposition relates
  another word to is called the object of the
  preposition .In the examples above bed and beach
  are the objects of the prepositions.

1- Everything about the beach was wonderful. 2- Everything except the beach was wonderful. 3.Everything from the beach was wonderful. 4.Everything on the beach was wonderful. The Saint Bernard slept near to my bed. The Saint Bernard slept under my bed. The Saint Bernard slept on my bed. The Saint Bernard slept beside the bed.
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The preposition
Commonly Used Prepositions Commonly Used Prepositions Commonly Used Prepositions Commonly Used Prepositions
SINCE THROUGH THROUGHOUT TILL TO TOWARD UNDER UNDERNEATH UNTIL UP UPON WITH WITHIN WITHOUT FROM IN ISIDE INTO LIKE NEAR OF OFF ON ONTO OUT OUTSIDE OVER PAST BELOW BENEATH BESIDE BESIDES BETWEEN BEYOND BUT(MEANING EXCEPT) BY CONCAERNING DOWN DURING EXCEPT FOR ABOARD ABOUT ABOVE ACROSS AFTER AGAINST ALONG AMID AMONG AROUND AS AT BEFORE BEHIND
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The preposition

• Prepositions that consist of two or more words
  are called compound prepositions.

Compound Prepositions
According to 8.in place of As of 9.inspite of Aside from 10. next to Because of 11.on account of By means of 12.out of In addition to 13.prior to In front of
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The Conjunction

• A conjunction is a word that joins words or word
  groups.
• A coordinating conjunction joins words or word
  groups, that are used in the same way.
• Examples
• 1-Streets and sidewalks .two nouns
• 2-on land or at the sea. two prepositional
  phrases
• 3-Judy wrote down the number but she lost
  it.two independent clauses.

Coordinating Conjunctions
And But Or Nor For Yet So
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The Conjunction

• Correlative conjunctions are pairs of
  conjunctions that join words or word groups that
  are used in the same way.
• Examples
• Both Jim Thorpe and Roberto Clemente were
  outstanding athletes.two proper nouns
• We should decide whether to stay or to go.two
  infinitives

Correlative Conjunction
Bothand not onlybut also Eitheror neither..nor Whether.or
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The interjection

• An interjection is a word that expresses emotion.
  An interjection has no grammatical relation to
  the rest of the sentence so it is set off from
  the rest of the sentence by an exclamation point
  or by a comma or commas.
• Example
• Hey! Be careful of that wire!
• Our team won the playoff! Yippee!

Ah hurrah uh-oh wow Aha oh well yahoo Boy-oh-boy oops whew yikes Hey ouch whoa yippee
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Parts of Speech Poem

• A nouns the name of anything,
• As house or garden, hoop, or swing.
• Instead of nouns the pronouns stand-
• Her head, your face, his arm, my hand.
• Adjectives tell the kind of noun,
• As great, small, pretty, white, or brown.
• Verbs tell of something to be done-
• To read, count, sing, talk, laugh, or run.
• How things are done the adverbs tell,
• As slowly, quickly, ill, or well.

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Poem Continued

• Conjunctions join the words together, As men and
  women, wind or weather.
• The preposition stands before
• A noun, as in or through a door.
• The interjection shows surprise,
• As Oh! How Pretty Ah! How wise.
• Thats why we learn the parts of speech
• Which reading, writing, speaking teach.
• Cause grammar needs to be correct
• To help you earn the worlds respect.

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