LE 01-10b

1
Order
Response to the environment
Evolutionary adaptation
Reproduction
Regulation
Energy processing
Growth and development
2
The biosphere
Tissues
Ecosystems
Organs and organ systems
Communities
Cells
Organelles
Organisms
Atoms
Molecules
Populations
3
Sunlight
Leaves absorblight energy fromthe sun.
Leaves take incarbon dioxidefrom the airand
releaseoxygen.
CO2
O2
Cyclingofchemicalnutrients
Animals eat leaves and fruit from the tree.
Leaves fall tothe ground andare decomposedby
organismsthat returnminerals to thesoil.
Water andminerals inthe soil aretaken up
bythe treethroughits roots.
4
Sunlight
Heat
When energy is usedto do work, someenergy is
converted tothermal energy, whichis lost as
heat.
Producers absorb lightenergy and transform it
intochemical energy.
An animals musclecells convertchemical
energyfrom food to kineticenergy, the energyof
motion.
Chemical energy
A plants cells usechemical energy to dowork
such as growingnew leaves.
Chemical energy infood is transferredfrom
plants toconsumers.
(b) Using energy to do work
(a) Energy flow from sunlight to producers
to consumers
5
(a) Wings
(b) Wing bones
6
Prokaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cell
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus(membrane-enclosed)
DNA (throughoutnucleus)
Membrane-enclosed organelles
1 ?m
7
Sperm cell
Nucleicontaining DNA
Fertilized eggwith DNA fromboth parents
Embryos cells withcopies of inherited DNA
Egg cell
Offspring with traitsinherited fromboth parents
8
Nucleus
A
C
DNA
Nucleotide
T
A
T
T
Cell
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(b) Single strand of DNA
(a) DNA double helix
9
A
Negativefeedback
Enzyme 1
B
D
Enzyme 2
Excess Dblocks a step.
D
D
C
C
Enzyme 3
D
(a) Negative feedback
W
Enzyme 4
X
Positive feedback
?
Enzyme 5
Excess Zstimulates a step.
Z
Y
Z
Z
Enzyme 6
Z
(b) Positive feedback
10
Species
Genus
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom
Domain
Ursus americanus(American black bear)
Ursus
Ursidae
Carnivora
Mammalia
Chordata
Animalia
Eukarya
11
(a) Domain Bacteria
(b) Domain Archaea
2 ?m
2 ?m
(c) Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia
100 ?m
Kingdom Plantae
Protists
Kingdom Fungi
12
15 ?m
5 ?m
Cilia ofParamecium
Cilia ofwindpipecells
0.1 ?m
Cross section of a cilium, as viewedwith an
electron microscope
13
Population withvaried inheritedtraits
Elimination ofindividuals withcertain traits
Reproduction ofsurvivors
4
Increasing frequency oftraits
thatenhancesurvival andreproductivesuccess
1
2
3
14
Green warbler finchCerthidea olivacea
Warbler finches
Insect-eaters
Gray warbler finchCerthidea fusca
COMMONANCESTOR
Sharp-beakedground finchGeospiza difficilis
Seed-eater
Vegetarian finchPlatyspiza crassirostris
Bud-eater
Mangrove finchCactospiza heliobates
Woodpecker finchCactospiza pallida
Insect-eaters
Tree finches
Medium tree finchCamarhynchus pauper
Large tree finchCamarhynchus psittacula
Small tree finchCamarhynchus parvulus
Large cactusground finchGeospiza conirostris
Cactus-flower-eaters
Cactus ground finchGeospiza scandens
Ground finches
Small ground finchGeospiza fuliginosa
Seed-eaters
Medium ground finchGeospiza fortis
Large ground finchGeospiza magnirostris
15
Observations
Question
Hypothesis 1 Dead batteries
Hypothesis 2 Burnt-out bulb
Prediction Replacing bulbwill fix problem
Prediction Replacing batterieswill fix problem
Test of prediction
Test of prediction
Test falsifies hypothesis
Test does not falsify hypothesis