Carbohydrates

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Carbohydrates
( )x

• carbo - hydr ate CH2O(CH2O)x
• Function
• Energy immediate and short term storage
• U Structural materials
• Monomer sugars

C6H12O6
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Sugars

• Most names for sugars end in -ose
• Classified by number of carbons
• 6C hexose 5C pentose 3C
  triose

6
5
3
3
Ring shape ring of C sugar!
C
6'
C
O
5'
Prime numbers are used to identify where
molecules bond to the ring.
C
C
1'
4'
C
C
2'
3'
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Simple complex sugars

• Monosaccharides
• simple 1 monomer sugars
• glucose
• Disaccharides
• dimer
• sucrose
• Polysaccharides
• polymers
• starch

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Building sugars

• Dehydration synthesis

monosaccharides
disaccharide
fructose
glucose
sucrose (table sugar)
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Polysaccharides

• Polymers of sugars
• costs little energy to build
• easily reversible release energy
• Function
• energy storage
• starch (plants)
• glycogen (animals)
• in liver muscles

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Polysaccharides for structure

• cellulose (cell walls of plants)
• Most abundant organic compound on Earth
• herbivores have evolved a mechanism to
  digest cellulose
• most carnivores have not
• cellulose undigestible roughage
• chitin (arthropods fungi)
• exoskeletons

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Helpful bacteria

• How can herbivores digest cellulose so well?
• BACTERIA live in their digestive systems help
  digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals

Ruminants
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Lipids

• Lipids are composed of C, H, a little O
• Include
• Animal fats
• Plant oils
• phospholipids
• Steroids
• Macromolecule of smaller subunits
• But not monomer/polymer chain

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Fats

• Structure
• glycerol (3C sugar) fatty acid
• fatty acid HC tail, carboxyl (COOH) head

dehydration synthesis links the two
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Fats

• energy reserve
• 2x calories of carbs
• Subcutaneous
• (under skin)
• cushions organs
• Cell membranes
• cholesterol
• insulation
• Subcutaneous

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Saturated fats

• H-C chains
• No CC double bonds
• in animal products
• solid at room temp.
• contributes to cardiovascular disease
  (atherosclerosis)
• causes plaque deposits

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Unsaturated fats

• CC double bonds in the chains
• fish fats
• plant oils
• liquid at room temperature
• the kinks made by doublebonded C prevent the
  molecules from packing tightly together

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Phospholipids

• glycerol 2 fatty acids PO4
• PO4 negatively charged hydrophyllic interacts
  with water in cell, environs
• fatty acid tails C-H chains hydrophobic

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Phospholipids in water

• can self-assemble into
• bubble-like micelle
• Bilayers as in cell membranes
• early evolutionary stage of cell?

water
bilayer
water
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Why is this important?

• Phospholipids create a barrier in water
• define outside vs. inside
• they make cell membranes!

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Steroids

• Structure
• 4 fused C rings functional group(s)
• different steroids created by attaching different
  functional groups to rings
• different structure creates different function
• sex hormones, cholesterol

Anabolic steroid? man-made, mimic
testosterone, build muscle
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Cholesterol

• In animal products
• high levels in blood contribute to cardiovascular
  disease
• Important cell component
• animal cell membranes - makes em flexible!
• precursor of all other steroids
• including vertebrate sex hormones

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From Cholesterol ? Sex Hormones

• What a big difference a few atoms can make!