Kingdom Fungi

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Kingdom Fungi

• Eukaryotes
• Cell wall made of chitin, a carbohydrate
• (same compound as exoskeleton of insects!!!!!)
• Most multicellular mushrooms, molds
• Some unicellular yeasts
• Heterotrophs - decomposers
• - some parasites
• Body made is made of filaments called hyphae
• Reproduce using spores

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Characteristics of Fungi

• The body of a fungus is called a mycelium --a
  matt of thin, tangled threads.
• The individual thread like strands of cells are
  called hyphae.
• Cell wall made of chitin a carbohydrate (same
  compound as exoskeleton of insects!!!!!)

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Hyphae are one cell thick but many cells long
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• Reproduction
• - Mushrooms reproduce using spores
• Spores are small reproductive cells released from
  the gills
• Mushrooms can also reproduce when hyphae break
  off and grow on their own

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• Most fungi are decomposers.
• Break down organic material like dead animals,
  plants, etc.
• They feed by releasing digestive enzymes that
  break down organic compounds. The cells (hyphae)
  then absorb the digested compounds.
• Some are parasites Feed on other living
  organisms
• Athletes foot
• Candida albicans (vaginal and mouth yeast
  infections)

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• Tinea pedis
• (Athletes foot)

• Candida albicans (yeast infection)
• Usually kept in check by competition with
  bacteria. This balance can be upset by
  antibiotics that kill the bacteria

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Useful Fungi

• Some Fungi produce antibiotics
• Penicillium notatum makes Penicillin
  (antibiotic)
• Grows naturally in some fruits -oranges

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• Fungi used to make cheese
• Blue Cheese Penicillium roquefortii is used to
  make blue cheeses Roquefort, Gorgonzola,
  Stilton, etc.
• The blue stuff are spores You eat millions in
  one bite!

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• Yeast used to make bread, wine, beer
• - Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baking).
  Unicellular
• - Yeasts use sugars as a source of energy during
  respiration.
• - Their waste products are CO2 and alcohol

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Lichens

• Symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a
  photosynthetic organism
• -Algae (Protista) or Cyanobacteria (Eubacteria)

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What lichens are really made of
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Some mushrooms contain deadly toxins. Dont
touch unknown mushrooms! Hallucinogens in some
(high doses deadly)Some poisonous Ohio
mushrooms
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Importance of fungi to humans

• -- Diseasese.g., yeast infections with Candida
  cause thrush
• --Food spoilagezygomycete bread molds ergot
  molds on wet grains (source of LSD likely cause
  of witch hunts in Salem, MA/Europe) cause
  hallucinations.
• --Plant pathogens like molds, smuts, rusts
• special hyphae to invade living plant tissue are
  called haustoria.

• Mychorrhizae allow more robust plant growth
• Succession restores soil (as after volcano
  erupts)
• Primary decomposers on land
• Food sources mushrooms
• Fermentation of alcoholic beverages (alcoholic
  fermentation by yeasts)

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The cellulase enzyme allows fungi to act as a
decomposer, essential in every food web. The
outer ring on this food web diagram shows how
decomposers link all levels of the food web.
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Fossils of fungi are rare because

• a. their late appearance on the Geologic Time
  Scale
• b. their lack of species diversity
• c. their composition of soft materials
• d. their ability to form protective spores

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All fungi

1. make their food.
2. produce mushrooms.
3. absorb their food.
4. have chlorophyll.

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Fungi do NOT

• Carry out photosynthesis.
• digest food outside their bodies.
• grow on their food source.
• d. absorb food through their cell walls.

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Fungi resemble plants in that they both always

• have stems.
• are multicellular.
• grow from the ground.
• d. have cell walls.

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Stinkhorns, are mushrooms that mimic the odor of
rotting meat. What do you think is the main
mechanism or strategy used by this fungi to
disperse its spores?

• a. wind.
• b. snow.
• c. birds.
• d. flies.

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Bread rises because fermentation by yeast produces

1. spores.
2. water.
3. rhizoids.
4. carbon dioxide.

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Which statement about Penicillium is correct

• a. It produces mushrooms.
• b. It causes bread to rise.
• c. It is the source of an antibiotic.
• d. It causes athletes foot.

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An important role of fungi in an ecosystem is

• photosynthesis.
• making alcohol
• breaking down dead organisms.
• d. killing bacteria.

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The breakdown of dead organisms is accelerated by
the fungal production of

• a. alcohols.
• b. digestive enzymes.
• c. acids.
• d. recycled nutrients.

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The growth of yeasts in moist regions of the body
is kept in check by competition from

• antibiotics.
• rusts.
• bacteria.
• d. mildews.

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Which statement about lichens is correct?

• a. They are not tolerant of harsh conditions.
• b. They cannot make their own food.
• c. They grow only in soil.
• d. They are composed of an alga or a
  cyanobacterium and a fungus living together.