Plant Propagation

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Plant Propagation

• By Johnny M. Jessup
• Agriculture Teacher/FFA Advisor

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Introduction

• What is plant propagation?
• The reproduction or increasing in number of
  plants.
• Can be done in one of two ways.
• Sexual.
• Asexual.

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Sexual or Seed Propagation
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Sexual Propagation

• The propagation or reproducing of plants from
  seeds.

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Sexual Propagation

• Pollen is transferred from the anther to the
  stigma.
• Fertilization occurs and seeds are produced.

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Parts of the Seed
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Parts of the Seed

• Seeds are made up of 3 main parts.
• Seed Coat hard outer covering
• Endosperm source of stored food
• Embryonic Plant

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Planting Seeds

• Planting depth depends on the size of the seeds.
• The larger the seed, the deeper it is planted.
• Example Petunia seeds are planted shallower than
  beans, tomatoes, or marigolds because they are
  the smallest.
• Small seeds should be watered by
  bottom soaking.

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Planting Seeds

• Seeds are directly seeded when they are planted
  in the soil where they will grow to a saleable
  size.
• Germination flats are used if they are to be
  transplanted at a later time.
• When reusing germination flats, be sure to
  sterilize
  the flats and soil.

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Germination

• Germination rate is the that sprout.
• Example 75 out of 100 75
• Rates affected by.
• Seed viability (the seeds capability of growing
  or developing)
• Temperature.
• Moisture.
• Type of plant.
• Quality of seed.

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Germination
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Seedlings

• Seedlings are the small plants.
• The first sets of leaves are called cotyledons.
• Monocots produce one seed leaf.
• Dicots produce two seed leaves.

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Transplanting Seedlings

• Seedlings are the small plants.
• Transplant when first true leaves appear
• Hold by the true leaves rather than the stems to
  prevent stem bruising which will kill the plant

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Hardening Off

• The reducing of humidity and water to make the
  environment more like the outside.

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Advantages of Sexual Propagation

• Fast way to get many plants.
• Easy to do.
• Economical.

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Disadvantages of Sexual Propagation

• Some plants, especially hybrids, do not reproduce
  true to parents.
• Some plants are difficult to propagate from seeds.

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Examples of Plants Started from Seed

• Marigold, impatiens, begonia, coleus, salvia,
  shasta daisy, and pansy

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Asexual Propagation
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Asexual Propagation

• The use of growing parts other than seeds to
  reproduce plants.
• The types are.
• Cuttings
• Layering
• Division/Separation
• Budding
• Grafting
• Tissue Culture

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Rooting from Cuttings

• Rooting media should be about 4 inches deep.
• Best time of day to take cuttings is early
  morning because plants have more moisture.

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Rooting from Cuttings

• The three main types of cuttings are.
• Stem
• Leaf
• Root

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Stem Cuttings

• Start with sterile flats, soil, and tools.

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Stem Cuttings

• Must include a node. A node is a point along a
  plant stem where leaves or other stems are
  attached.
• Internode is the area between two nodes.

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Stem Cuttings

• Cutting is taking a 4-6 inch piece of the plant
  and forcing roots to grow.

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Stem Cuttings

• Use a rooting hormone with fungicide to.
• Speed up root development.
• Prevent root rot.

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Stem Cuttings

• Herbaceous plants are soft-tissue plants.

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Stem Cuttings

• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vdHj8E-7E7-8

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Stem Cuttings

• Woody plants are plants that produce woody
  tissue.

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Examples of plants that can be started by stem
cuttings

• Herbaceous cuttings geranium, impatiens,
  begonia, and coleus

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Examples of plants that can be started by stem
cuttings

• Woody cuttings holly, abelia, and rosemary.

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Leaf Cuttings

• The use of leaves and sections of leaves to
  reproduce plants.

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Leaf Cuttings

• Usually done from herbaceous plants.
• Midrib vein must be cut in order to make roots
  form.

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Leaf Cuttings

• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vaTkfU0BobkE
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vngVHqjm0Cyk

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Leaf Cuttings

• Examples of plants that can be started by leaf
  cuttings.
• African violet and philodendron
• snake plant and jade plant.

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Root Cuttings

• The use of roots to reproduce plants.
• Should be spaced 3 inches apart in the rooting
  area.

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Root Cuttings

• A sand, vermiculite or perlite mixture is a good
  medium for root cuttings.

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Root Cuttings

• Examples of plants that can be started by root
  cuttings hosta and daylily.

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Root Cuttings

• https//www.youtube.com/watch?v8gwCLs8LoTs
• Start at 230

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Layering

• The rooting of plant parts while they are still
  attached to the parent plant.
• The types are.
• Air Layering.
• Trench Layering.
• Mound Layering.

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Air Layering

• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vqviLRmiqrs8

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Air Layering

• Also called Chinese propagation.
• Area of plant is girdled and surrounded by a
  moist growing medium that is sealed in
  polyethylene film.

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Air Layering Steps

• Making an incision at the node of a branch.
• Dust with rooting hormone, place sphagnum moss in
  plastic and wrap around the incision forcing
  roots to grow on the stem of the plant.
• Once roots form, remove below the new roots for a
  new plant.

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Air Layering
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Air Layering

• Examples of plants to air layer Decora rubber
  plant and weeping fig.

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Trench layering

• New plants form at each point along the stem
  while still attached to the plant.
• Is cutting a trench and laying a branch in the
  trench.
• Types of trench layering are simple, tip and
  serpentine.

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Trench Layering

• Examples of plants for trench layering grapes
  and clematis.

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Mound Layering

• Rooted plant is cut off at the soil level.
• As the season progresses, soil is added to cover
  the growing shoots.
• After 1 year, the shoots are rooted and removed
  from the parent plant.

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Mound Layering

• An example would be an azalea

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Division Separation

• Cutting or pulling apart of.
• Bulbs
• Corms
• Rhizomes
• Tubers
• Runners
• Stolons
• Suckers

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Division

• Division is used on plants that grow in clumps.
• Examples of plants that can be divided are
  hostas, daylilies and irises.
• Also used on some grasses.

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Division
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Bulbs

• Bulbs are short stems with fleshy leaves or leaf
  bases that function as food storage
  organs during dormancy
• Daffodil and hyaninth.

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Corm

• Corm is an enlarged, bulb-like, fleshy structure
  found at the base of a stem. Usually flattened
  and round.
• Examples gladiolus and crocus.

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Rhizome

• Rhizome is a creeping underground stem, usually
  horizontal, that produces roots and leaves at the
  nodes.
• Examples cannas and bearded Iris.

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Stolon

• A creeping above ground stem that grows
  horizontally and produces roots and shoots at the
  nodes.
• Example strawberry.

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Tuber

• Tuber is a swollen, modified stem that grows
  underground.
• Example potato. 

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Sucker

• Sucker is a shoot or stem that originates from
  the roots.

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Division

• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vqF787nUBQek
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?v0U51H5JIEz8

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Grafting

• Joining separate plant parts together so that
  they form a union and grow together to make one
  plant.
• Scion
• Piece of plant at the top
  of the
  graft.
• Rootstock
• The piece of the plant at the
  root or bottom of the
  graft.

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Grafting

• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vqTtXmBVsolY
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vICVwHs4Nero
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?v-K4lWEAVcuI

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Grafting Methods

• Scion rootstock are the same size
• Wedge
• Splice
• Whip tongue
• Approach

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Grafting Methods
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Grafting Methods

• Scion is smaller than the rootstock
• Cleft.
• Side.
• Notch.
• Bark inlay.

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Grafting Methods
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Grafting

• Tools needed are a knife, tape, and wax.
• Plants must be related to each other and normally
  in the same genus or family.

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Grafting

• Examples of plants that can be grafted Maples
  and fruit trees, sweetgum (fruitless sweetgum),
  and pecan.

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Budding

• A form of grafting when a bud is used (instead of
  a scion).
• Faster or quicker than grafting.
• The 3 main methods are.
• Patch budding.
• T-budding.
• Chip budding.

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Budding

• Successful budding requires that the scion (top)
  material have fully-formed, mature, dormant buds
  and that the rootstock be in a condition of
  active growth such that the "bark is slipping".
  This means that the vascular cambium is actively
  growing, and the bark can be peeled easily from
  the stock piece with little damage.

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Patch Budding
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Patch Budding

• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vnQxv4MQDhug

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T-Budding
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Chip Budding
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Budding

• An example of plant used would be rose.

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Advantages to Asexual Propagation

• In asexual reproduction or propagation plants
  mature in shorter time.
• Budding is faster or quicker than grafting.
• In trench layering, plant forms at each node on
  covered stems.
• Some plants do not produce viable seeds.
• New plants are same as parent plant.

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Disadvantages to Asexual Propagation

• Some methods require special equipment skills.
• Such as grafting.
• Cuttings detach plant parts from water and
  nutrient source.
• Some plants are patented.
• Making propagation illegal.

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Biotechnology in Horticulture
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What is Biotechnology?

• The use of cells or components (parts) of cells
  to produce or processes.

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Methods of Biotechnology

• Tissue Culture
• Also called micropropagation.
• Uses the terminal shoots or leaf buds in a
  sterile or aseptic environment on agar gel or
  other nutrient-growing media to produce thousands
  of identical plants.

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Tissue Culture

• Must have a sterile environment.
• Good way to get the most plants in a short time.

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Tissue Culture

• It will give you a plant identical to the parent
  plant.
• An example would be impatiens and many flower and
  vegetable plants.

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Methods of Biotechnology

• Cloning
• Genetically generating offspring from
  non-sexual tissue.

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Methods of Biotechnology

• Genetic Engineering
• Movement of genetic information in the form of
  genes from one cell to another cell to modify or
  change the genetic make-up.

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Benefits of Biotechnology

• Produce many identical plants in a short time.
• Increase disease and insect resistance.
• Increase tolerance to heat or cold.
• Increase weed tolerance.

• Increase tolerance to drought.
• Improve environment.
• Increase production.
• Other genetic changes.

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Designed By

• Johnny M. Jessup FFA Advisor
• Hobbton High School