Synth

1
Synthèse cours CSCW

• Définitions, Systèmes, Critiques

Emprunts D.Cardon (France Telecom)R.Unland
(University of Essen)S.Levan (MAIN
consultants)J.Landay (University of Berkeley)
2
1-Des définitions
3
Définitions CSCW

• Computer Supported Collaborative Work
• There does not exist a commonly agreed on
  definition
• CSCW looks at how groups work and seeks to
  discover how technology (especially computers)
  can help them work

4
CSCW vs Groupware
5
Definition Groupware

• Robert Johansen Groupware Computer aids
• ... a generic term for specialized computer aids
  that are designed for the use of collaborative
  work groups. Typically, these groups are small
  project-oriented teams that have important tasks
  and tight deadlines. Groupware can involve
  software, hardware, services, and/or group
  process support.
• C. Ellis, S. Gibbs, G. Rein (MCC) 1st Groupware
  systems
• Computer-based systems that support groups of
  people engaged in a common task (or goal) and
  that provide an interface to a shared environment
• C. Ellis, S. Gibbs, G. Rein (MCC) 2nd Groupware
  software application
• Class of applications, for small groups and for
  organizations, arising from the merging of
  computers and large information bases and
  communications technology. These applications may
  or may not specially support cooperation.
• Software for small or narrowly focused groups,
  not organization-wide support

6
Definition groupware

• H. Krasner, J. McInroy, D. Walz Groupware is
  computer technology that
• actively facilitates two or more users working on
  a common task, possibly simultaneously, using a
  shared environment and
• provides synergistic mechanisms for coordinating
  each user's actions with respect to the rest of
  the group and the system.
• H. Lewe, H. Krcmar
• The notion of Groupware indicates the
  computer-based support of work groups or project
  teams. Support may mean support by special
  software and hardware, by information and
  communication services as well as support of
  group work. In contrast to individual data
  processing with groupware collaboration /
  cooperation are important issues.
• Groupware in a narrow sense is a tool, which can
  only be used by a group but not by an individual.

7
Distinction beetween CSCW and Groupware

• Groupware and CSCW mean the same
• Groupware is the more restricted notion
• It only considers (small) groups but not large
  organizations
• Groupware mainly concentrates on the technology
  while CSCW also tries to understand and consider
  human behavior
• Groupware implies that some kind of
• Software and
• Hardware
• is involved/used

8
Le groupware est un composant dans les
systémesde Gestion des Connaissances

• Moteurs de recherche
• Outils de veille
• Gestion des connaissances et des compétences
• Messagerie
• Agenda electroniques
• Groupware
• Personalisation de linformation (Push)
• Gestion des ressources humaines
• Portail dentreprise et publication Web
• Gestion électronique des documents, bases de
  données
• Formulaires et workflow

9
CSCL

• Computer Suported Collaborative Learning
• The obvious difference between CSCL and CSCW is
  context or purpose CSCLlearning and CSCWwork
• CSCL supports "the acquisition by individuals of
  knowledge, skills, or attitudes occurring as the
  result of group interaction.
• CSCL supports the development of shared mental
  models, shared purpose, common practices of
  interaction and communication (A world known in
  common )

10
2-Les systèmes
11
2.1 -Classification des systèmes de groupware
http//carbon.cudenver.edu/mryder/itc_data/cscw.h
tml
12
2.1-bis Taxonomy
13
2.2- Types de cooperation et de groupes

• Les 3 niveaux de coopération co-ordination
  (objectif pre-défini, rôles individuels
  pré-définis) co-operation (obectif pre-défini,
  rôles à construire) co-construction (objectif à
  construire)
• Trois types de groupes pairs 2
  people small groups lt10 people large
  groups gt10

14
2.2 bis -Types de cooperation
Complete a task Share info Conference Solve a
task (project)
15
2.3 Classification des composants des sytémes
Groupware

• Trois catégories de composants CCC 
• Pour la Communication
• Chat, Email, conférence électronique
• Pour la Coordination
• Agenda, gestion des tâches et des roles, planning
• Pour la Collaboration / Construction
• Shared Editors

16
2.3 bis - Classification des composants
Théme Cooperation vs Collaboration
17
2.4 - Classification des outils

Structure
Interaction
18
2.4 bis - Classification des outils Les 7
familles du CSCW

• Les outils coopératifs asynchrones (Workflow
  management system) Information Lens, Lotus
  Notes, LinkWork, Coordinator.
• Les espaces de dessin partagés Videodraw,
  TeamWorkStation, DigitalDesk.
• Les P.C. coopératifs Cruiser, Portholes,
  Conference Desk, Montage, GroupDesk, Piazza,
  Forum, DVC, Diva.
• Les tableaux blancs électroniques LiveBoards,
  Smart.
• Les salles de réunions électroniques Colab,
  Cognoter, GroupSystems, lAmsterdam Conversation
  Environment, Dolphin.
• Les mediaspace Cavecat, Rave, Collab,
  VideoWindow, Telecollaboration, Kasmer,
  Thunderwire (audiospace).
• Les environnements virtuels (Cooperative virtual
  environment CVE) Dive, Massive, Freewalk.
• Mobiles multimédia Etc.

19
2.4 ter Classification des outils

• Asynchronous Groupware
• Email
• Newsgroups and mailing lists
• Workflow systems
• Hypertext
• Group calendars
• Collaborative writing systems
• Synchronous or Realtime Groupware
• Shared whiteboards
• Video communications.
• Chat systems.
• Decision support systems They provide tools for
  brainstorming, critiquing ideas, putting weights
  and probabilities on events and alternatives, and
  voting.
• Multi-player games.

20
3. Des exemples de systèmes groupware

• Lotus Notes , Domino
• Novell Groupwise
• Microsoft SharePoint
• Groove Networks GrooveGroove is desktop
  collaboration software for sharing files and
  workingwith others on documents, tasks, projects
  and decisions. ...
• Twiki, Bscw , .

21
3. Des exemples Microsoft SharePoint team
services

• Core Function
• Ad hoc team collaboration
• Web Site
• Team Web sites
• Search Capabilities
• Documents within team Web site and sub Webs
• Discussion and Notifications
• Discussions
• Notifications
• Surveys
• Customization
• Browser-based, Microsoft FrontPage 2002, and SDK
• Web Parts and SDK
• Document Management
• Publishing
• Client Applications
• Browser, Microsoft Office XP, FrontPage 2002
• Browser, Microsoft Windows Explorer, Office 2000
  or Office XP

22
Lotus le modèle des 9 cases

Extension du groupe
Complexité du travail
23
Un exemple de système Twiki

• What are the Main Features of TWiki?
• TWiki is a mature, full featured web based
  collaboration system
• Any web browser Edit existing pages or create
  new pages by using any web browser. There is no
  need for ftp or http put to upload pages.
• Edit link To edit a page, simply click on the
  Edit link at the bottom of every page.
• Auto links Web pages are linked automatically.
  You do not need to learn HTML commands to link
  pages.
• Text formatting Simple, powerful and easy to
  learn text formatting rules. Basically you write
  text like you would write an e-mail.
• Webs Pages are grouped into TWiki webs (or
  collections). This allows you to set up separate
  collaboration groups.
• Search Full text search with/without regular
  expressions. See a sample search result.
• E-mail notification Get automatically notified
  when something has changed in a TWiki web.
  Subscribe in WebNotify.
• Structured content Use TWiki Forms to classify
  and categorize unstructured web pages and to
  create simple workflow systems.
• File attachments Upload and download any file as
  an attachment to a page by using your browser.
  This is similar to file attachments in an e-mail,
  but it happens on web pages.
• Revision control All changes to pages and
  attachments are tracked. Retrieve previous page
  revisions and differences thereof. Find out who
  changed what and when.
• Access control Define groups and impose fine
  grained read and write access restrictions based
  on groups and users.
• Variables Use variables to dynamically compose
  your pages. This allows you for example to
  dynamically build a table of contents include
  other pages or show a search result embedded in
  a page.
• TWiki Plugins Enhance the TWiki functionality
  with server side Plugin modules. Developers can
  create Perl Plugins using the TWiki Plugin API.
  Application platform Developers use the TWiki
  platform to create web-based applications. The
  TWiki Variables, Plugins and Plugin API offer a
  rich environment where domain-specific
  applications can be built efficiently. An example
  application is the XpTrackerPlugin which allows
  teams to track Extreme Programming (XP) projects.
  
• Templates and skins A flexible templating system
  separates program logic and presentation. Skins
  overwrite template headers and footers page
  content is unaffected.
• Managing pages Individual pages can be renamed,
  moved and deleted through the browser.
• Managing users Web based user registration and
  change of password.
• What's new See recent changes of TWiki webs. The
  change log can also be exported in XML RSS format
  for news syndication.

24
Nestor un browser avec des fonctions
collaboratives

• Synchrones peer-to-peer ChatNavigation
  coupléeEdition partagée des cartes et du sac
• Synchrones ChatNavigation coupléeNavigation
  par tutoratEchange d URLs, de clipboard, de
  cartes, de surlignages ...Fusion de cartesAide
  à lactivitéTutorat à distance
• A-synchrones MessagerieBookmarks
  communsBibliothèque de cartesAide à lactivité
  (en cours de développement)
• A-Synchrones peer-to-peer Recherche et
  telechargement

25
Dautre types de systémes Groupware

• MUD A MUD or Multi-User Dungeon is an
  inventively structured social experience on the
  Internet, managed by a computer program and often
  involving a loosely organized context or theme,
  such as a rambling old castle with many rooms or
  a period in national history. Some MUDs are
  ongoing adventure games others are educational
  in purpose and others are simply social. MUDs
  existed prior to the World Wide Web, accessible
  through Telnet to a computer that hosted the MUD.
  Today, many MUDs can be accessed through a Web
  site and some are perhaps better known as "3-D
  worlds."
• MUD participants adopt a character or avatar when
  they join or log in to a MUD. Typically, you can
  describe your avatar to the other participants.
  Each MUD has its own name, special character and
  ambience, and set of rules. MUDs are run by
  advanced participants or programmers called
  wizards.
• MOO
• MUD Object Oriented" That is the meaning of the
  acronym, MOO, but even this has an embedded
  acronym, MUD. The most appropriate current
  meaning for MUD is "Multi-User Domain."
• A more functional definition is that MOOs and
  MUDs are text-based virtual reality environments
  that foster synchronous communication between
  persons and allow for creative building of
  virtual spaces. Many implementations of MOOs
  today incorporate web-based features so that the
  characteristic that a MOO is purely text-based is
  no longer totally accurate.
• The designation that a MOO is "object-oriented"
  has more to do with the underlying code and
  nothing to do with the feel or look of an actual
  MOO or MUD in practice.
• Everything is an object. Rooms are objects, exits
  are objects, possessions are objects, even your
  MOO alter-ego/avatar is an object. We'll be
  looking at how you (1) make objects, and (2)
  write verbs that allow you to do Interesting
  Things with those objects

Question de métaphore MUD expérience
sociale, MOO objets
26
3-Critiques

• Issues
• Successes
• Cause of failure
• Future trends

27
Groupware socio-technical issues

• Technical Infrastructure and groupware systems
• Technical and psychological Awareness of others
  and their actions
• Technical Synchronous/Asynchronous
  communication
• Technical and psychological Interaction
  paradigms
• Social and psychological Participation
• Psychological and social Sustaining
  relationships
• Role support
• Shared visual spaces
• Mobility
• Management and technical Organizational change
• Management and technical Knowledge management

http//www.usabilityfirst.com/groupware/awareness/
28
Type of groupware and groupware issues

• Types of Groupware and Groupware Issues
• gtgtawareness Awareness in Collaborative Systems,
  The aware-cscw mailing list
• gtgtcollaborative drawing and writing The
  Conversation Board, DistEdit and DistEmacs,
  Multi-User Editor Index (Project Names) Distance
  Education Clearinghouse (UWisconsin), POLIS -
  Project for On-Line Instructional Support
  (UArizona)
• email Yahoo - Email, Galaxy - Email
• groupware toolkits GroupKit, Habanero (NCSA,
  Java groupware support), Tango Java-based
  collaboratory system (Syracuse U.), The Clock
  Language, COAST (Cooperative Application Systems
  Tech, GMD-IPSI), DreamTeam
• MUDs Yahoo - MUD programming
• newsgroups GroupLens (filters Usenet postings
  based on predictions of interest), See Below
• scientific collaboration NCSA Collage (a
  collaborative data analysis tool)
• gtgtshared virtual spaces TeamRooms (2D chat,
  whiteboard, etc., UCalgary), The Contact
  Consortium (a consortium for virtual worlds)
• shared windows and shared applications JAMM
  (Java Applets Made Multiuser)
• video communications Video Communications
  Bibliography, Yahoo - Videoconf and Videoconf.
  companies.
• virtual reality Collaborative Work in Virtual
  Environments
• web-based conferencing Conferencing on the Web
  - Discussion Forums (David R. Woolley), The Well,
  The Utne Café, COW (Conferencing on the Web,
  SFSU), ForumOne search engine for forums
• workflow Workflow Management Coalition,
  Workflow and Reengineering International
  Association, Workflow-Management and Groupware
  (Fraunhofer-ISST)

29
Groupware successes
30
WH Lessons

• At most 30 users in a community of 300
• Usage required frequent reminders and urging by
  the developer
• Occasional bursts of use followed by extended
  passive observation
• Chatting rare but occasionally animated,
  typically in response to an article

Typique !
31
Why Does Groupware Fail?

• Disparity between who does work and who gets
  benefit
• Threats to existing power structures
• Insufficient critical mass of users
• Violation of social taboos
• Arguments over measures of success

32
What Is the Biggest CSCW Success Story? Whats
Next?

• Email
• Instant messages
• World Wide Web
• Mobile telephones
• Video conferencing

33
Success and failure
34
Des technologies incertaines

• Des technologies avancées (tactile, RV, 3D) en
  attente de  succès 
• Ce qui marche le mieux nest pas né dans le CSCW
  la messagerie électronique, lInternet,
  NetMeeting, etc.
• Beaucoup de concepts en stand-by Mediaspace,
  salle de réunion électronique, etc.
• Quelques outils à diffusion plus large Lotus
  Notes et SmartBoard
• Des usages expérimentaux
• Concepteurs utilisateurs
• Des utilisations en contexte  naturel 
• des prototypes qui prolifèrent à l intérieur des
  laboratoires sans être soumis aux rapports de
  force créés par la mise sur le marché.
• Très forte indécision sur la forme des prototypes

35
Entre lindividu et lorganisation le groupe
de travail

• Le refus du déterminisme technologique
• Affirme le caractère contextuel des activités
  coopératives.
• Plus de complexité dans l articulation relations
  inter-personnelles que dans les rapports
  homme/machine.
• Dramatisation de lécart entre travail réel et
  prescrit.
• Variabilité et diversité des rôles
  organisationnels (dynamique de groupe, etc.)
• Construction de représentations partagées des
  activités.
• La participation de lusager à la conception
• Ethnographie de situations naturelles.
• Design itératif.
• Une conception beaucoup plus dense de lusager
  et de ses compétences.

36
Lavenir deux approches opposéespar leur
conception de lactivité 1-La méthode MAIN
La démarche comment relier processus métier et
environnement de travail collaboratifLa Méthode
MAIN a développé une démarche en cinq temps
baptisée Logiques Règles d'Usage des outils
de travail collaboratif. Cette démarche
s'applique et s'adapte en fonction des
caractéristiques d'usage des environnements
techniques de travail collaboratif. Autrement
dit, la même démarche va s'adapter à une
plate-forme QuickPlace (IBM Lotus) comme à une
plate-forme eRoom (Documentum eRoom) comme à une
plate-forme PHPGroupware (logiciel libre) ou à
n'importe quel autre environnement. Les cinq
temps de la démarche sont les suivants
Modéliser les activités d'un processus
Identifier les situations de travail Identifier
les situations de communication Identifier les
outils de travail collaboratif les plus
appropriés Enoncer les règles d'usage les plus
efficaces
37
Lavenir, 2-Une autre approche Vers des
 principes CSCW 

• Laction, la coopération est une improvisation
• Aménager lenvironnement de travail pour établir
  des bouclages perception/action.
• Faciliter des possibilités dawareness à bas
  niveau.
• Arbitrage entre travail visible et invisible
• Résister à la formalisation de système de
  connaissance déclarative (cf. diagnostic médical
  d A. Cicourel).
• Sous-déterminer les modèles dactivité.
• Créer des  dispositifs darticulation  entre
  activité dans environnement local et avec
  lunivers distant.
• Sensibilité à la question de la publicité et de
  la privacy.
• Créer des  représentants  transportables sur
  des supports différents.
• Image vidéo des personnes.
• Dossier médical.
• Réintroduire des artefacts sensoriels et limiter
  les inscriptions numériques.

38
Pour  tout  savoir ?
http//www.usabilityfirst.com/groupware/cscw.txl