????????? ??????----

1
????????????
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????????
?????
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????????? ??????----?? ??? ?????
??? ??????????????? ??? ???
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ROBERT BOYLE (1627-91) 
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Boyle's air pump.
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1788 Oil on
canvas
Metropolitan Musuem of Art,
New York
Portrait of
Antoine-Laurent and Marie-Anne Lavoisier (detail)
8
The Phlogiston Theory                          
                                            
Chemistry was so underdeveloped at the time
Lavoisier gained interest in it that it could
hardly be called a science. The prevailing view
of combustion was the Phlogiston Theory which
involved a weightless or nearly weightless
substance known as phlogiston. Metals and fire
were considered to be rich in phlogiston and
earth was considered oxygen poor.
http//www.philiplarson.com/e1.shtml
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Lavoisier definition of the chemical elements was
an essential foundation for Daltons atomic theory
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??????? 1895? ??? ??? 1898? ???
????????????? ????? ?????
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J.J. Thomson
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May 1932 Chadwick reports the discovery of the
neutron
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??????? 1895? ??? ??? 1897? ???
????????????? ????? ?????
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Quantum Theory Timeline At
the start of the twentieth century, scientists
believed that they understood the most
fundamental principles of nature. Atoms were
solid building blocks of nature people trusted
Newtonian laws of motion most of the problems of
physics seemed to be solved. However, starting
with Einstein's theory of relativity which
replaced Newtonian mechanics, scientists
gradually realized that their knowledge was far
from complete. Of particular interest was the
growing field of quantum mechanics, which
completely altered the fundamental precepts of
physics.
http//www.particleadventure.org/other/history/qua
ntumt.html
18
Particles discovered 1898 - 1964
http//www.particleadventure.org/other/history/qua
ntumt.html
19
http//www-physics.lbl.gov/physdiv/images/new/1999
chart.jpg
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Standard Model of Elementary Particles
MissMJ
21
Murray Gell-Mann Coined quark James Joyces
Novel Finnegans Wake
jurvetson of flickr.com
22
http//pr.caltech.edu/periodicals/CaltechNews/arti
cles/v38/asymptotic.html
Forces of Nature. Between them, Caltech
physicists Murray Gell-Mann (left) and Richard
Feynman dominated the landscape of postwar
theoretical physicis and laid much of the
groundwork for the current work on unification.
23
??????

• ????
• ????

24
??????

• ?????????????,??????????????????????,???????????
  ????????????1927?????????????????????????????,????
  Max Born???????????????,????????????????,?????????
  ???????,????????????? ????????????????????????????
  ??????????

??????????
25
Max Born
26

• Niels Bohr

27
Niels Bohr Institute
28
GFHund
Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Wolfgang Pauli,
Otto Stern, Lise Meitner, Rudolf Ladenburg and
other physicists, probable 1937 on the occasion
of an colloquy with Nobel Price winners at
Copenhagen
29
??????????

•    ?????????(1925),???????,???(Niels Bohr,
  1885-1962)?????(Albert Einstein,
  1878-1955)????(Werner Heisenberg,
  1901-1976)????(Erwin Schrödinger,
  1887-1961)???????????,????,?????????????????
  (?????,???)??????????,???????????????????????,????
  ??????????????1935??,?????????????????????????????
  ?(??????)???,????????(????????????,????????)??????
  ????????????,????????????????,???????????????????
  ??????????,??????????????,????????
• ?????(Wave-Particle Duality)??????????????,??????
  ????????????????????????????,???????,????????????
  ,??????????,???????,???????????????????????,????(?
  ?????),??????????????,????????????,????(?????????)
  ????????
• (1)    ??????,????????????
• (2)    ??????,???????

http//www.phy.ncu.edu.tw/dcc/History/Struggle20o
f20Titans.htm
30
?????(Principle of Uncertainty)

• ????1927?????????????
• ?q?p³h/4p         ?t?E³h/4p.
• ???????????(q)???(p)????????????????????(?q??p)??
  ??????,??????h?????????????(t)???(E)??????????????
  ??????????(?????????,???????????????????????),????
  ????????????????????????(Max Born,
  1926)??,?????????????????
• ????????,????????(thought experiment)????????????
  ???????????,??????,??????,????????????????????,???
  ??????,???????,??????????--?????????????????????,?
  ?????????????????????????????,????????????????????
  ????,????????????????????????,????????????????,???
  ??????????????(??????????,?????????)
• ???????????(1905)?????????????????????????,??????,
  ????????1925??,??????????,????????????????????????
  ??????
• ?????????????1930??????Solvay Conference??????????
  ?????????????,????(???)????????,????????????????,
  ????????????,??????????????????????????????,??????
  ??????(?????)???,????????????,???????????????
• ?????????????????????????,????????,???????????,???
  ????????????,?????????????,??????????????????????
  ??????,??????????????????????????????????--???????
  ??????????????
• ??????????????,?????????????,?????????????????????
  ??????????????????,???????????

http//www.phy.ncu.edu.tw/dcc/History/Struggle20o
f20Titans.htm
31
?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????
??????? ??????
32
                                  
"The more precisely the POSITION is determined,the less precisely the MOMENTUM is known"

33
?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????
??????? ??????
34

• Erwin Schrödinger

35
Schrödinger's Cat
Dhatfield
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????-????-???? EPR paradox

• Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen1935????????????????????
  ??????????????,???????????????,???????????????????
  ??(Principle of locality) ,???????????????????????
  ?????????????????(spooky action at a
  distance)??????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????,???????????????????
  ??,?????????????,?????????????????????????????????
  ?

????
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• God plays no dice.

38

• ??????????,?????????????,??????????
• ??????????,?????????????????????
  ????,????????????.........
• ????????,????????????,??????????????????
• 1926?12?4??????????

????A reprint of this book was published by
Edition Erbrich in 1982, ISBN 388682005X
39
Freeman Dyson, frog prince of physics
40
Freeman Dyson loves the metaphor that divides
scientists into two groups Birds, who look down
upon everything and have a God's-eye view of the
world, and frogs, who spend their time in the
mud. The renowned Princeton physicist calls
himself a frog. "I'm not against the first
group, but they take an exalted view of
science. Frogs typically enjoy exploring things
locally and developing skills."
October 6, 2006 By Esther Soloveichik
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Sponk
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??????

• ??????????

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???????????

• ??????
• ????????

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Rudolf Ludwig Mössbaue German physicist and
winner, with Robert Hofstadter of the United
States, of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1961
for his discovery of the Mössbauer effect.
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Two criteria for the Empirical Science

• Repeat
• Reproduce

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??????
Flickerstriatic
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Two criteria for the Empirical Science

• Repeat
• Reproduce

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????????
7 13 17 23 37  6 8 12 20 25 36
Wiki user Madprime
Wiki UserZeroOne
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????????Redefination of the Empirical Science

• ???? ( Self Consistency)
• ???? (Operation Effective)

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??????????

•    ?????????(1925),???????,???(Niels Bohr,
  1885-1962)?????(Albert Einstein,
  1878-1955)????(Werner Heisenberg,
  1901-1976)????(Erwin Schrödinger,
  1887-1961)???????????,????,?????????????????
  (?????,???)??????????,???????????????????????,????
  ??????????????1935??,?????????????????????????????
  ?(??????)???,????????(????????????,????????)??????
  ????????????,????????????????,???????????????????
  ??????????,??????????????,????????
• ?????(Wave-Particle Duality)??????????????,??????
  ????????????????????????????,???????,????????????
  ,??????????,???????,???????????????????????,????(?
  ?????),??????????????,????????????,????(?????????)
  ????????
• (1)    ??????,????????????
• (2)    ??????,???????

http//www.phy.ncu.edu.tw/dcc/History/Struggle20o
f20Titans.htm
52
???????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????1??????????????
?????? ??????????????????????????,?????????
???? 2???????????????????? ??????
????????? ???
(Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl)
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???????????????????
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• Niels Bohr

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???????????????????????, ??????????????????????  
?????? ??(Neils Bohr)
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I think it is safe to say that no one understands
quantum mechanics.  Do not keep saying to
yourself, if you can possibly avoid it, "But how
can it be like that?" because you will get "down
the drain" into a blind alley from which nobody
has yet escaped. Richard Feynman
Those who are not shocked when they first come
across quantum mechanics cannot possibly have
understood it. Niels Bohr
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Eugene Paul Wigner 1902-1995 The Nobel Prize in
Physics 1963
58
Thus,relativisticQuantum Theory is at least
four lavers Deep.

• The Limits of Science
• By Eugene P. Wigner

???? The Limits of Science EUGENE P. WIGNER
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??????????????????,??????????,??????????????????
?????????????,????????????? ??
?????? ???
1961? ?????????????????
Alanmak
?????
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??????????????????????? ????????????????????,????
??? ?????????????? ????,?????????????????
??,????????????????????????,?????????????,???????
???????,??????????? ??????????
???????? ??? (P.W. Anderson)
61
Human science face an impasse since their central
concept of the self is transcendental.
???????????,?????????????????  
??(Gunther S. Stent)
62

• ????????????????????,
• ??????????????????
• The Limits of Science
• By Eegene P. Wigner

???? The Limits of Science EUGENE P. WIGNER
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Steven Weinberg , American Physcist,Winner of
1979 Nobel Prize on Physics
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??????????,   ????????????? The more the
universe seems comprehensible, the more it also
seems pointless. ???????? The
first three minutes  
???????? ??? (Steven Weinberg)
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?????????
GJo
Neils Bohr Complementarity Principle
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?????
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