Emotion

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Emotion

• Ch 8

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Chapter Overview

• Introduction
• Quiz
• Its a Crying Shame!
• Physiological, Cognitive, Behavioral
• Gender and the Experience of Emotion
• The Myth of Maternal Instinct
• Prominence of Male Aggression
• Expressivity Emotion
• Considering Diversity

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A. Quiz
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False

• 1. According to laboratory studies, women are
  better than men at gauging their internal
  physical states.

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True

• 2. Women are better than men in gauging the
  emotions of others outside the laboratory.

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True

• 3. It is not necessary to show an emotion to
  feel the emotion.

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False

• 4. PET Scans, MRIs, and CAT Scans distinctive
  brain patterns characteristic of each emotion.

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False

• 5. Men get more angry more often than women.

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True

• 6. Boys get more interested in and nurturing
  toward animals as they become less interested in
  babies.

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True

• 7. The more powerful one is, the more likely it
  is that the person will display anger.

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False

• 8. Girls are not as aggressive as boys.

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False

• 9. Stranger rapists prefer attractive victims
  to unattractive ones.

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True

• 10. Men have a difficult time identifying their
  behavior as sexually coercive.

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B. Its a Crying Same!
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• Big Boys Dont CryAnd Other Myths about Men and
  Their Emotions
• Readers Digest, October, 2005
• Theres No Crying in Business
• Fortune, October 18, 2004
• The two headline stories examined crying in men
  and women. One article reported on the
  socialization that makes men reluctant to cry,
  and the other told about mens disapproval of
  women crying in what men see as inappropriate
  situations.

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• PHYSIOLOGICAL, COGNITIVE, AND BEHAVIORAL ASPECTS
• EMOTIONS ARE IRRATIONAL!
• Physiology, cognition and behavior

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• PHYSIOLOGICAL, COGNITIVE, AND BEHAVIORAL ASPECTS
• EMOTIONS ARE IRRATIONAL!
• Physiology, cognition and behavior
• Physical arousal and cognitive labeling are
  important.
• (Big explanation)

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• Cognitive Theory or
• Schacter-Singer Theory

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• D. Speculation men and women are not equally
  attentive to physiological symptoms
• Women may rely more on their cognitions
• Men may rely more on their internal experience.
• E. Research on facial expression brain imaging
  found no universals in emotional experience
• F. Emotional expression varies according to
  social display rules

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• GENDER AND THE EXPERIENCE OF EMOTION
• Women What emotions are women allowed to
  display?
• emotional
• emotions associated with powerlessness sadness
  anxiety
• Men What emotions are men allowed to display?
• rational
• emotions associated with power ,excitement calm
• Anger What are the differences in anger?
• few gender differences in anger, but different
  manifestations

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• The Myth of Maternal Instinct
• What is it?
• Alternative explanation?

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Harry Harlows Monkeys
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1. Textbooks Conclusion caregiving is dependent
   on experience and not biology. Contact with other
   monkeys seems to be the critical experience
   rather than being mothered, which indicates that
   maternal behaviors are not directly modeled.

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1. ATTACHMENT occurs between infant and caregiver
   and is important in the infants survival.
   Infants who fail to form attachments fail to
   thrive. The related concept of BONDING is a
   variation on maternal instinct that proposes that
   a permanent bond forms on the basis of contact
   during the first few days after birth. Despite
   the popularity of the concept, research has
   failed to substantiate claims based on the notion
   of bonding. HUH?

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• Gender and Caring responsiveness v. pleasure in
  care-giving
• mothers are primed by pregnancy childbirth
  hormones to be responsive to babies gt biological
  foundation for nurturing.
• Others respond to infants. The differences
  change through time
• girls gt more boys gt less responsive.
• 3) Why?

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1. Evaluating the pleasure derived from child care
   is difficult few men nurture the same as much
   as women.
2. Research gt fathers may enjoy their small role in
   childcare more than women enjoy their more
   extensive and demanding role.
3. When men are as involved as women in childcare,
   they feel the same satisfactions and
   frustrations.

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• GENDER AND THE EXPERIENCE OF EMOTION
• The double standard
• women are seen as emotional
• men are seen as rational.
• Stereotypes do not apply to all emotions
• men are allowed emotions of power (excitement
  calm)
• women are allowed emotions of powerlessness
  (sadness anxiety)
• Research gt few gender differences in anger

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• Maternal Instinct Myth?
• Maternal nurturing behaviors are nature, not
  nurture
• Instinct was rejected as a cause but the myth
  persists
• Evolutionary psychology is gaining favor
• Nurturing offspring is essential for survival but
  instinct is questionable.

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• Male Aggression Evolution
• Big explanation
• But, even Neanderthals had to control their
  tempersor else!

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• Anger and Aggression should have a strong
  relationship, e.g.,
• anger the emotion
• aggression the behavioral expression of anger
• Anger ? Aggression
• Frustration ? aggression.
• Research gt anger a common universal emotion but
  not physical
• Gender differences exist in anger, but gender
  role predicts emotional expression better

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• Developmental Gender Differences in Aggression
• difficult to confirm before elementary school
• Boys more aggressive in early childhood.
• Aggression a stable behavior pattern (aggressive
  children make aggressive teens adults).

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• How aggression is expressed
• girls gt social and relational aggression
• Boys gt physical confrontations weapons
• Goals of aggression
• girls gt avoid victimization
• boys gt money and status.

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• Gender Differences in Aggression during Adulthood
  
• Sometimes women are NOT less aggressive than men
• men use physical aggression more than women,
  especially when women perceive the likelihood of
  retaliation.
• Women use social or indirect aggression
• When considering this type of aggression, women
  are AS aggressive as men.

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• Gender and Crime
• a) Men 3.5 times more likely to be both
  perpetrators victims of violent crime.
  Increases in womens crimes are usually
  nonviolent Women fear criminal victimization more
  than men, especially rape.

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• Sexual Violence
• Men consider it a problem and women fear it.
• Women fear stranger rape when acquaintance rape
  is far more common
• Not reporting rape is related to the stigma and
  victim blaming associated with this crime
• the stigma is even more severe for male rape
  victims.
• Research with rapists gt believe that they have
  the right to control women treat them
  violently.
• Research gt
• hostile masculinity high frequency of
  uncommitted sex increased likelihood of rape.
• g) Conclusion Feeling entitled to have sex
  puts men at risk for committing rape.

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• Expressivity and Emotion
• the key to gender differences in emotionality
• Men dont express emotions except anger.
• Women express fear and sadness
• S mens anger S womens fear and sadness
• Display rules explain gender-difference in
  expressivity

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• Considering Diversity
• Consistencies facial expressions of basic
  emotions.

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• Considering Diversity
• Consistencies facial expressions of basic
  emotions.
• Differences
• People in collectivist cultures differ from those
  in individualist cultures, but emotional
  expression differs for collectivist cultures in
  Asia and Africa.
• Some cultures discourage the display of anger,
  whereas others allow it.
• Emotions men and women should experience vary
  across cultures.