Theories of Gender Development Ch 5

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Theories of Gender Development Ch 5
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Chapter Overview

• Directed Free Writing
• Quiz
• Theories of Gender Development
• Psychodynamic
• Social Learning Theory
• Cognitive Developmental Theory
• Gender Schema Theory
• Gender Script Theory
• Y.J.U.
• Which one is best?

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I. Directed Free Writing

• What do women really want?

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Bring to class

• Button, needle, thread
• Hair curlers
• Electric iron and shirt
• Necktie
• Shoe polish
• Screwdriver, board, and screw

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II. Quiz
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True

• 1. Freud thought women were inferior to men.

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According to Freud, true.

• 2. All girls wish that they had a penis.

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According to Chodorow, true.

• 3. Boys work toward separation from mother,
  rejecting femininity and girls retain
  connectedness with mother, becoming feminine.

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According to Social Learning Theory, true.

• 4. Boys are punished for having feminine traits
  and rewarded for having masculine traits.

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True

• 5. There are more boys in cartoons than girls.

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True

• 6. Parents tend to choose masculine toys for
  boys and feminine or neutral toys for girls, even
  when the children are too young to care.

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True

• 7. Very young children do not have gender
  constancy, e.g., they think that one can change
  his or her sex

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Watch the video.

• 8. If you raise a boy to be a girl, he will act
  just like a girl.

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True

• 9. Sexual stereotyping is good because it makes
  it easier to classify behavior and objects which
  can give people feelings that the environment is
  manageable and predictable.

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True

• 10. Sexual stereotyping is bad because it leads
  to inaccurate perceptions of what is acceptable
  for men and women to do and it can cause failures
  to accept information that does not fit the
  stereotype.

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III. Theories of Gender Development
A. Psychodynamic
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1. Freud (late 1800s)

• What is the unconscious?
• What are the Psychosexual Stages?
• What is the Oedipal Phase?
• c. Whats with Freud and Women?

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2. Karen Horney

• Social emphasis
• Changed masculine bias
• Penis envy eliminated
• Postulated mens claim of female inferiority
  covers male feelings of inferiority
• Female masochism is not normal
• Womens problems are social.

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• 3. Contemporary Psychoanalytic Theories try to
  remove the sexist elements from traditional
  psychoanalytic theory and try to reformulate
  psychoanalytic concepts.

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a. Nancy Chododorow

• Emphasis on Social
• Concentrates on mother-infant relationship
  (pre-Oedipal).
• Separation Differences
• boys have to strive for separation
• girls dont need the same amount of separation.

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b. Ellyn Kaschak

• Antigone phase replaces Oedipus phase
• In a patriarchal family
• Men who do not overcome the Oedipus phase treat
  women as extensions of themselves and their needs
• women who fail to overcome the Antigone phase
  never acknowledge their own needs.

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Antigone The plot
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• Ellyn Kaschak Theory
• Antigone the caregiver of her father
• Antigones relationship w/ her father is like
  womens relationships w/ their fathers/husbands.
• Social structure gt subordination of women to
  men, gt Antigone dilemma gt women are caregivers.
• Men treat women as extensions (aka property) of
  themselves. Family violence perpetrated by the
  father/husband is based on the privilege derived
  from this position. Johnson (1995) called it
  patriarchal terrorism.
• Women who separate from fathers (resolve Antigone
  phase) gt more independent..

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• B. Social Learning Theory
• Gender is learned
• Methods of learning

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a. Operant Conditioning (reinforcement, and
punishment)
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b. Albert BanduraObservational Learning

• Children observe gender-related behaviors from
  many models display appropriate gender
  behaviors due to observation modeling.

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• Kindergarten Cop

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• Flower Drum Song

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Demonstration

• 1. List some skills that you have you developed
  that are unique to your gender role.
• 2. Try something the other gender has to learn.
• 3. Write your reaction to this demonstration.

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• C. Cognitive Developmental Theory
• Learning gender-related behaviors is part of
  children's cognitive development
• Developed from Piagets Cognitive Development
• 0-2 year-olds have no gender identity.
• Eventually children learn correct labels for
  themselves others.
• Gender constancy is an important learning
• Problem research indicates that gender constancy
  does not necessarily develop before other gender
  knowledge
• Advantage it correctly predicts gender
  stereotyping which is common among children.

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• D. Gender Schema Theory
• Children develop schemata for gender.
• Whats a schema?
• Gender-related behaviors appear from
• general cognitive development
• adoption of schemata related to gender. (Children
  come to understand masculinity and femininity,
  and they attend to and come to behave in ways
  consistent with their schema.)
• Gender schemata influence information processing,
  memory, and attitudes, causing gender
  stereotyping.

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Stereotyping
Stereotype Strengthened
Information Retained
Preconceived Notion of Group Traits
Information Mostly Forgotten or Seen as an
Exception
No Effect on Stereotype
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IV. YJU Which one is best?