Nobel Laureates 1991

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Nobel Laureates 1991

• Physics Pierre-Gilles de Gennes for discovering
  that methods developed for studying order
  phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to
  more complex forms of matter, in particular to
  liquid crystals and polymers
• Chemistry Richard R. Ernst for his
  contributions to the development of the
  methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic
  resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
• Physiology or Medicine Erwin Neher and Bert
  Sakmann for their discoveries concerning the
  function of single ion channels in cells
• Literature Nadine Gordimer who through her
  magnificent epic writing has in words of Alfred
  Nobel been of very great benefit to humanity
• Peace Aung San Suu Kyi for her non-violent
  struggle for democracy and human rights
• Economics Ronald H. Coase for his discovery and
  clarification of the significance of transaction
  costs and property rights for the institutional
  structure and functioning of the economy

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Questions Addressed

• What is Ion channel system?
• How Ion Channel operate?
• What was the technique developed?
• Its Uniqueness
• Recorded the electric current flowing through a
  single ion channel
• Regulation of ion channel function
• Existence of ion channels
• Mechanisms clarified through ion channel studies

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Registration of the flow of current through
single ion channels using the recording technique
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Patch Clamp Technique

• Patch clamp technique is a technique in
  electrophysiology that allows the study of
  individual ion channels in cells.
• The technique's use
• Electrode used in the technique

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Patch Clamp Technique

• Basic Technique
• Variations
• Cell-attached patch
• Inside-out patch
• Whole-cell recording or Whole-cell patch
• Outside-out patch
• Perforated patch

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Year 1991 events

• The genome of the cytomegalovirus is sequenced.
  Although this virus causes little damage to
  healthy people, it can produce serious retinal
  damage in those with compromised immune systems.
• Tim Berners-Lee in the summer of this year begins
  to install the World Wide Web on the Internet.

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References

• http//nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laurea
  tes/1991/
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_clamp
• www.answers.com
• www.google.com

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