Cell Division Notes

1
Cell Division Notes
2
Overview of Cell Division

• Part I

3

• Cell division

4

• Cell division the process by which a cell
  becomes two new daughter cells

5

• Cell division the process by which a cell
  becomes two new daughter cells
• Two types are mitosis and

6

• Cell division the process by which a cell
  becomes two new daughter cells
• Two types are mitosis and meiosis

7

• Cell division the process by which a cell
  becomes two new daughter cells
• Two types are mitosis and meiosis
• Mitosis creates 2 new body cells that have
  of DNA

8

• Cell division the process by which a cell
  becomes two new daughter cells
• Two types are mitosis and meiosis
• Mitosis creates 2 new body cells that have
  identical sets of DNA

9

• Cell division the process by which a cell
  becomes two new daughter cells
• Two types are mitosis and meiosis
• Mitosis creates 2 new body cells that have
  identical sets of DNA
• Meiosis creates 4 new sex cells, such as sperm
  and eggs, that have the original amount of DNA

10

• Cell division the process by which a cell
  becomes two new daughter cells
• Two types are mitosis and meiosis
• Mitosis creates 2 new body cells that have
  identical sets of DNA
• Meiosis creates 4 new sex cells, such as sperm
  and eggs, that have half the original amount of
  DNA

11
Mitosis
4
4
4
Original
Daughter Cells
12
Meiosis
2
2
4
2
2
Original
Daughter Cells
13
Cells resulting from cell division can be used
for
14
Cells resulting from cell division can be used
for

• Growth

15
Cells resulting from cell division can be used
for

• Growth an increase in size of an organism

16
Cells resulting from cell division can be used
for

• Growth an increase in size of an organism
• What type of cell division is used for growth?
  

17
Cells resulting from cell division can be used
for

• Growth an increase in size of an organism
• What type of cell division is used for growth?
  Mitosis

18
Cells resulting from cell division can be used
for

• Growth an increase in size of an organism
• What type of cell division is used for growth?
  Mitosis
• Why are multicellular organisms made of many
  small cells, rather than a few large cells?

19

• The larger the cell becomes,

20

• The larger the cell becomes,
• The more difficult it becomes for enough needed
  materials to enter and leave the cell

21

• The larger the cell becomes,
• The more difficult it becomes for enough needed
  materials to enter and leave the cell
• Cells need a large to ratio

22

• The larger the cell becomes,
• The more difficult it becomes for enough needed
  materials to enter and leave the cell
• Cells need a large surface area to ratio

23

• The larger the cell becomes,
• The more difficult it becomes for enough needed
  materials to enter and leave the cell
• Cells need a large surface area to volume
  ratio

24

• The larger the cell becomes,
• The more difficult it becomes for enough needed
  materials to enter and leave the cell
• Cells need a large surface area to volume
  ratio
• This means they need to have a large surface area
  or that allows materials to enter and leave
  the cell efficiently.

25

• The larger the cell becomes,
• The more difficult it becomes for enough needed
  materials to enter and leave the cell
• Cells need a large surface area to volume
  ratio
• This means they need to have a large surface area
  or cell membrane that allows materials to enter
  and leave the cell efficiently.

26

• The larger the cell becomes,
• The more difficult it becomes for enough needed
  materials to enter and leave the cell
• Cells need a large surface area to volume
  ratio
• This means they need to have a large surface area
  or cell membrane that allows materials to enter
  and leave the cell efficiently.
• They also need to have a small volume or amount
  of that requires fewer materials and has a
  shorter distance for transport

27

• The larger the cell becomes,
• The more difficult it becomes for enough needed
  materials to enter and leave the cell
• Cells need a large surface area to volume
  ratio
• This means they need to have a large surface area
  or cell membrane that allows materials to enter
  and leave the cell efficiently.
• They also need to have a small volume or amount
  of cytoplasm that requires fewer materials and
  has a shorter distance for transport

28

• The larger the cell becomes,
• The more difficult it becomes for enough needed
  materials to enter and leave the cell
• Cells need a large surface area to volume
  ratio
• This means they need to have a large surface area
  or cell membrane that allows materials to enter
  and leave the cell efficiently.
• They also need to have a small volume or amount
  of cytoplasm that requires fewer materials and
  has a shorter distance for transport
• Small cells have a large surface area to volume
  ratio

29

• The larger the cell becomes,

30

• The larger the cell becomes,
• The more strain is placed on the DNA

31

• The larger the cell becomes,
• The more strain is placed on the DNA
• The role of DNA is to

32

• The larger the cell becomes,
• The more strain is placed on the DNA
• The role of DNA is to hold the genetic
  information (directions) of the cell

33

• The larger the cell becomes,
• The more strain is placed on the DNA
• The role of DNA is to hold the genetic
  information (directions) of the cell
• The larger the cell, the more proteins are needed
  to keep the cell running.

34

• The larger the cell becomes,
• The more strain is placed on the DNA
• The role of DNA is to hold the genetic
  information (directions) of the cell
• The larger the cell, the more proteins are needed
  to keep the cell running. Bigger cells dont
  have more DNA to make extra proteins.

35
Cells resulting from cell division can be used
for
36
Cells resulting from cell division can be used
for

1. Repair

37
Cells resulting from cell division can be used
for

1. Repair fixing injuries or broken parts of the
   body

38
Cells resulting from cell division can be used
for

• Repair fixing injuries or broken parts of the
  body
• For example, if you cut your finger, the cut
  heals, because new cells are made to replace the
  dead and injured cells.

39
Cells resulting from cell division can be used
for

• Repair fixing injuries or broken parts of the
  body
• For example, if you cut your finger, the cut
  heals, because new cells are made to replace the
  dead and injured cells.
• What type of cell division is used for repair?

40
Cells resulting from cell division can be used
for

• Repair fixing injuries or broken parts of the
  body
• For example, if you cut your finger, the cut
  heals, because new cells are made to replace the
  dead and injured cells.
• What type of cell division is used for repair?
  Mitosis

41
Cells resulting from cell division can be used
for
42
Cells resulting from cell division can be used
for

1. Reproduction

43
Cells resulting from cell division can be used
for

1. Reproduction the process of making one or more
   offspring

44
Cells resulting from cell division can be used
for

• Reproduction the process of making one or more
  offspring
• Two types of reproduction

45
Cells resulting from cell division can be used
for

• Reproduction the process of making one or more
  offspring
• Two types of reproduction
• Asexual reproduction

46
Cells resulting from cell division can be used
for

• Reproduction the process of making one or more
  offspring
• Two types of reproduction
• Asexual reproduction process by which a single
  parent reproduces by itself

47
Cells resulting from cell division can be used
for

• Reproduction the process of making one or more
  offspring
• Two types of reproduction
• Asexual reproduction process by which a single
  parent reproduces by itself
• What type of cell division is used for asexual
  reproduction?

48
Cells resulting from cell division can be used
for

• Reproduction the process of making one or more
  offspring
• Two types of reproduction
• Asexual reproduction process by which a single
  parent reproduces by itself
• What type of cell division is used for asexual
  reproduction? Mitosis

49
Cells resulting from cell division can be used
for

• Reproduction the process of making one or more
  offspring
• Two types of reproduction
• Asexual reproduction process by which a single
  parent reproduces by itself
• What type of cell division is used for asexual
  reproduction? Mitosis
• Sexual reproduction

50
Cells resulting from cell division can be used
for

• Reproduction the process of making one or more
  offspring
• Two types of reproduction
• Asexual reproduction process by which a single
  parent reproduces by itself
• What type of cell division is used for asexual
  reproduction? Mitosis
• Sexual reproduction process by which cells from
  two different parents unite to produce the first
  cell of a new organism

51
Cells resulting from cell division can be used
for

• Reproduction the process of making one or more
  offspring
• Two types of reproduction
• Asexual reproduction process by which a single
  parent reproduces by itself
• What type of cell division is used for asexual
  reproduction? Mitosis
• Sexual reproduction process by which cells from
  two different parents unite to produce the first
  cell of a new organism
• What type of cell division is used for sexual
  reproduction?

52
Cells resulting from cell division can be used
for

• Reproduction the process of making one or more
  offspring
• Two types of reproduction
• Asexual reproduction process by which a single
  parent reproduces by itself
• What type of cell division is used for asexual
  reproduction? Mitosis
• Sexual reproduction process by which cells from
  two different parents unite to produce the first
  cell of a new organism
• What type of cell division is used for sexual
  reproduction? Meiosis

53
The Cell Cycle

• Part II

54

• Cell Cycle

55

• Cell Cycle the series of events that cells go
  through as they grow and divide

56

• Cell Cycle the series of events that cells go
  through as they grow and divide
• 2 Main Parts

57

• Cell Cycle the series of events that cells go
  through as they grow and divide
• 2 Main Parts
• Growth and Preparation

58

• Cell Cycle the series of events that cells go
  through as they grow and divide
• 2 Main Parts
• Growth and Preparation Interphase

59

• Cell Cycle the series of events that cells go
  through as they grow and divide
• 2 Main Parts
• Growth and Preparation Interphase
• Consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases

60

• Cell Cycle the series of events that cells go
  through as they grow and divide
• 2 Main Parts
• Growth and Preparation Interphase
• Consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases
• Cell Division- (nuclear division) and
  (cytoplasm division)

61

• Cell Cycle the series of events that cells go
  through as they grow and divide
• 2 Main Parts
• Growth and Preparation Interphase
• Consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases
• Cell Division- Mitosis (nuclear division) and
  (cytoplasm division)

62

• Cell Cycle the series of events that cells go
  through as they grow and divide
• 2 Main Parts
• Growth and Preparation Interphase
• Consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases
• Cell Division- Mitosis (nuclear division) and
  cytokinesis (cytoplasm division)

63

• Cell Cycle the series of events that cells go
  through as they grow and divide
• 2 Main Parts
• Growth and Preparation Interphase
• Consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases
• Cell Division- Mitosis (nuclear division) and
  cytokinesis (cytoplasm division)
• Consists of the M phase

64
4 Stages of the Cell Cycle
Stage Description
G1
S
G2
M
65
4 Stages of the Cell Cycle
Stage Description
G1 Gap 1 Period where cells do most of their growing synthesize new proteins and organelles
S
G2
M
66
4 Stages of the Cell Cycle
Stage Description
G1 Gap 1 Period where cells do most of their growing synthesize new proteins and organelles
S Synthesis Making of new DNA molecules
G2
M
67
4 Stages of the Cell Cycle
Stage Description
G1 Gap 1 Period where cells do most of their growing synthesize new proteins and organelles
S Synthesis Making of new DNA molecules
G2 Gap 2 Many organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced
M
68
4 Stages of the Cell Cycle
Stage Description
G1 Gap 1 Period where cells do most of their growing synthesize new proteins and organelles
S Synthesis Making of new DNA molecules
G2 Gap 2 Many organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced
M Mitosis
69

• Chromosome

70

• Chromosome
• Made of , whose job is to

71

• Chromosome
• Made of DNA , whose job is to

72

• Chromosome
• Made of DNA , whose job is to carry the cells
  coded genetic information

73

• Chromosome
• Made of DNA , whose job is to carry the cells
  coded genetic information
• Are located in the

74

• Chromosome
• Made of DNA , whose job is to carry the cells
  coded genetic information
• Are located in the nucleus

75

• Chromosome
• Made of DNA , whose job is to carry the cells
  coded genetic information
• Are located in the nucleus
• Can be loose called or condensed

76

• Chromosome
• Made of DNA , whose job is to carry the cells
  coded genetic information
• Are located in the nucleus
• Can be loose called chromatin or condensed
• Unreplicated chromosomes consist of _ strand of
  DNA called a , and replicated chromosomes
  consist of _ identical strands of DNA called
  

77

• Chromosome
• Made of DNA , whose job is to carry the cells
  coded genetic information
• Are located in the nucleus
• Can be loose called chromatin or condensed
• Unreplicated chromosomes consist of _a single
  strand of DNA called a chromatid , and replicated
  chromosomes consist of _ identical strands of
  DNA called

78

• Chromosome
• Made of DNA , whose job is to carry the cells
  coded genetic information
• Are located in the nucleus
• Can be loose called chromatin or condensed
• Unreplicated chromosomes consist of _a single
  strand of DNA called a chromatid , and replicated
  chromosomes consist of two_ identical strands
  of DNA called

79

• Chromosome
• Made of DNA , whose job is to carry the cells
  coded genetic information
• Are located in the nucleus
• Can be loose called chromatin or condensed
• Unreplicated chromosomes consist of _a single
  strand of DNA called a chromatid , and replicated
  chromosomes consist of two_ identical strands
  of DNA called sister chromatids

80

• Chromosome
• Made of DNA , whose job is to carry the cells
  coded genetic information
• Are located in the nucleus
• Can be loose called chromatin or condensed
• Unreplicated chromosomes consist of _a single
  strand of DNA called a chromatid , and replicated
  chromosomes consist of two_ identical strands
  of DNA called sister chromatids
• The cells in each type of organism have a certain
  number of chromosomes. Example human body cells
  have chromosomes in their nuclei.

81

• Chromosome
• Made of DNA , whose job is to carry the cells
  coded genetic information
• Are located in the nucleus
• Can be loose called chromatin or condensed
• Unreplicated chromosomes consist of _a single
  strand of DNA called a chromatid , and replicated
  chromosomes consist of two_ identical strands
  of DNA called sister chromatids
• The cells in each type of organism have a certain
  number of chromosomes. Example human body cells
  have 46 chromosomes in their nuclei.

82

• Sister Chromatids-

83

• Sister Chromatids- two sets of identical DNA
  found in each chromosome

84

• Sister Chromatids- two sets of identical DNA
  found in each chromosome
• Centromere-

85

• Sister Chromatids- two sets of identical DNA
  found in each chromosome
• Centromere- Area of attachment for the sister
  chromatids

86

• Sister Chromatids- two sets of identical DNA
  found in each chromosome
• Centromere- Area of attachment for the sister
  chromatids

87
M Phase in Detail

• Part III

88
M Phase

• Main roles include division of the and the
  of a cell

89
M Phase

• Main roles include division of the nucleus and
  the of a cell

90
M Phase

• Main roles include division of the nucleus and
  the cytoplasm of a cell

91
M Phase

• Main roles include division of the nucleus and
  the cytoplasm of a cell
• Mitosis, the division of the nucleus, has 4 main
  parts. Cytokinesis, the division of the
  cytoplasm, occurs near the end of mitosis.

92
M Phase

• Main roles include division of the nucleus and
  the cytoplasm of a cell
• Mitosis, the division of the nucleus, has 4 main
  parts. Cytokinesis, the division of the
  cytoplasm, occurs near the end of mitosis.
• Creates daughter cells

93
M Phase

• Main roles include division of the nucleus and
  the cytoplasm of a cell
• Mitosis, the division of the nucleus, has 4 main
  parts. Cytokinesis, the division of the
  cytoplasm, occurs near the end of mitosis.
• Creates 2 genetically identical daughter cells

94
Starting Point
Animal Cell during Interphase
Animal Cell during Interphase
Animal cell during interphase
95
4 Stages of Mitosis
96
4 Stages of Mitosis
Prophase
97
4 Stages of Mitosis

• Prophase
• Chromosomes become visible

98
4 Stages of Mitosis

• Prophase
• Chromosomes become visible
• Centrioles separate and take up positions on
  opposite sides of the nucleus

99
4 Stages of Mitosis
100
4 Stages of Mitosis
Metaphase
101
4 Stages of Mitosis

• Metaphase
• Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

102
4 Stages of Mitosis

• Metaphase
• Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
• Spindle fibers project out from the centrioles

103
4 Stages of Mitosis
104
4 Stages of Mitosis
Anaphase
105
4 Stages of Mitosis

• Anaphase
• Sister chromatids split into individual
  chromosomes

106
4 Stages of Mitosis

• Anaphase
• Sister chromatids split into individual
  chromosomes
• Move towards opposite ends of the cell

107
4 Stages of Mitosis
108
4 Stages of Mitosis
Telophase
109
4 Stages of Mitosis

• Telophase
• Chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of
  chromatin

110
4 Stages of Mitosis

• Telophase
• Chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of
  chromatin
• Nuclear envelope reforms around the chromatin

111
Cytokinesis
112
Cytokinesis

• Division of the

113
Cytokinesis

• Division of the cytoplasm

114
Cytokinesis

• Division of the cytoplasm
• Occurs at the same time as

115
Cytokinesis

• Division of the cytoplasm
• Occurs at the same time as telophase

116
Cytokinesis

• Division of the cytoplasm
• Occurs at the same time as telophase
• Occurs differently in animal and plant cells

117
Cytokinesis
118
Cytokinesis

• Animal cell

119
Cytokinesis

• Animal cell Cell membrane is drawn inward until
  the cytoplasm is pinched in two nearly equal parts

120
Cytokinesis
121
Cytokinesis

• Plant cell

122
Cytokinesis

• Plant cell cell plate forms in between the new
  nuclei becomes the new cell membrane

123
Review

• What are the main events of interphase?
• List the 4 stages of mitosis in order.

124
Review

• What are the main events of interphase?
• Cell growth, production of new organelles,
  synthesis of DNA, normal job for the cell
• List the 4 stages of mitosis in order.
• Prophase

125
Review

• What are the main events of interphase?
• Cell growth, production of new organelles,
  synthesis of DNA, normal job for the cell
• List the 4 stages of mitosis in order.
• Prophase
• Metaphase

126
Review

• What are the main events of interphase?
• Cell growth, production of new organelles,
  synthesis of DNA, normal job for the cell
• List the 4 stages of mitosis in order.
• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase

127
Review

• What are the main events of interphase?
• Cell growth, production of new organelles,
  synthesis of DNA, normal job for the cell
• List the 4 stages of mitosis in order.
• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase

128
Review

• Mitosis produces daughter cells that are to
  the parent cell.

129
Review

• Mitosis produces daughter cells that are
  identical to the parent cell.

130
Review

• Mitosis produces daughter cells that are
  identical to the parent cell.
• The new cells can be used for
• , , and
• .

131
Review

• Mitosis produces daughter cells that are
  identical to the parent cell.
• The new cells can be used for growth , , and
• .

132
Review

• Mitosis produces daughter cells that are
  identical to the parent cell.
• The new cells can be used for growth , repair ,
  and
• .

133
Review

• Mitosis produces daughter cells that are
  identical to the parent cell.
• The new cells can be used for growth , repair ,
  and reproduction .

134
Cancer

• Part IV

135

• Cancer-

136

• Cancer- a disorder in which some of the bodys
  own cells lose the ability to control growth and
  division
• Cells receive chemical signals that let them know
  when to start and stop dividing.
• There are also checkpoints to make sure that the
  DNA has replicated and is dividing properly.
• Cancer cells do not respond to these chemical
  signals and are not stopped at checkpoints
  because the genes that control these functions
  are mutated. As a result, the cell cycle is
  uncontrolled.

137
(No Transcript)
138

• Tumor-

139

• Tumor- Mass of cells

140

• Tumor- Mass of cells
• This is the result of uncontrolled cell division.

141

• Tumor- Mass of cells
• This is the result of uncontrolled cell division.
• Benign-

142

• Tumor- Mass of cells
• This is the result of uncontrolled cell division.
• Benign- self-limiting tumors

143

• Tumor- Mass of cells
• This is the result of uncontrolled cell division.
• Benign- self-limiting tumors
• Malignant-
•  

144

• Tumor- Mass of cells
• This is the result of uncontrolled cell division.
• Benign- self-limiting tumors
• Malignant- uncontrolled growth
•  

145

• Tumor- Mass of cells
• This is the result of uncontrolled cell division.
• Benign- self-limiting tumors
• Malignant- uncontrolled growth
• How can a cluster of cells result in the death of
  an organism?

146

• Tumor- Mass of cells
• This is the result of uncontrolled cell division.
• Benign- self-limiting tumors
• Malignant- uncontrolled growth
• How can a cluster of cells result in the death of
  an organism?
•  It can take up needed space in an organism,
  crowding other organs and structures. It can use
  nourishment that other organs need, starving the
  structures around it

147

• Tumor- Mass of cells
• This is the result of uncontrolled cell division.
• Benign- self-limiting tumors
• Malignant- uncontrolled growth
• How can a cluster of cells result in the death of
  an organism?
•  It can take up needed space in an organism,
  crowding other organs and structures. It can use
  nourishment that other organs need, starving the
  structures around it
• Metastasis-

148

• Tumor- Mass of cells
• This is the result of uncontrolled cell division.
• Benign- self-limiting tumors
• Malignant- uncontrolled growth
• How can a cluster of cells result in the death of
  an organism?
•  It can take up needed space in an organism,
  crowding other organs and structures. It can use
  nourishment that other organs need, starving the
  structures around it
• Metastasis- when cancer cells break off a tumor
  and circulate throughout the body

149

• Tumor- Mass of cells
• This is the result of uncontrolled cell division.
• Benign- self-limiting tumors
• Malignant- uncontrolled growth
• How can a cluster of cells result in the death of
  an organism?
•  It can take up needed space in an organism,
  crowding other organs and structures. It can use
  nourishment that other organs need, starving the
  structures around it
• Metastasis- when cancer cells break off a tumor
  and circulate throughout the body
• This is especially dangerous because it can
  result in multiple organs shutting down.