Coming Soon to a Person Near You!

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Coming Soon to a PersonNear You!

• Understanding Microbes
• and Disease
• By

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Essential Question

• How can science help us to understand the
  world around us?

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Rationale

• Microbes are a part of our lives every day.
  Some of them are good for us, some of them are
  harmful, and some of them are deadly.
• We need to understand the role microbes play
  in our lives and how to prevent diseases that are
  associated with them.

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Many microbes in our world cause sickness and
disease in animals and plants.
Entamoeba histolytica
Streptococcus
AIDS
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Protists

• Entamoeba histolytica
• Causes dysentery, a severe form of amebiasis
  associated with stomach pain, bloody stools, and
  fever.

• Plasmodium, a one-celled parasite transmitted by
  a mosquito.
• Causes Malaria, which causes flu-like symptoms
  and intestinal problems.

Plasmodium attacking a red blood cell
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Bacteria

• Streptococcus Bacterium
• Causes the strep throat, a painful sore throat
  and fever.

• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Causes Tuberculosis, a highly contagious
  respiratory disease.

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Viruses

• Retroviridae - HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
• Causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS),
  which is a deadly disease that attacks the human
  immune system.

• Orthomyxoviridae Influenza Virus
• Causes the flu, which is a respiratory infection
  that often causes the infected person to have a
  fever, headache, and body aches.

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How disease spreads!

• Pathogen- any microbe that causes disease
• Infectious disease- a disease caused by a
  pathogen
• Contagion- a pathogen that can be passed from one
  organism to another
• Non-infectious disease- a disease that cannot be
  spread from organism to organism (may be genetic)
• Mutagen- anything that causes changes (mutations)
  in your DNA.
• A virus can be a mutagen, because it inserts its
  own genes into the host DNA.

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Vector vs. Carrier

• Vectors- an organism that helps spread a disease,
  but is not infected with the disease
• Carrier- an organism, usually a human, that is
  infected with a disease and can transmit it, but
  shows no symptoms.

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How can you prevent the spread of diseases caused
by microbes?
Top 5 ways to help prevent the spread of disease
5 - Use antibiotics correctly.
4 - Get immunized.
3 - Use care when preparing and handling food.
2 Keep surfaces clean and disinfected.

• And, 1 - Wash your hands.

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Immunity

• Types of Immunity-
• Active Immunity- obtained by exposure to the
  pathogen. (Having the disease or receiving a
  vaccine).
• Stimulates the immune system to produce
  antibodies
• Antibodies are chemical substances that help
  destroy pathogens
• Passive Immunity- transferring antibodies made in
  one organism to another organism.

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Antimicrobials vs. Antibiotics

• How are they different?
• Antimicrobial products are designed to kill
  microbes before they enter your body.
• In soaps, cleaning products, childrens toys,
  caulks, and grouts used around showers.
• Antibiotics are drugs that kill bacteria or
  prevent their reproduction internally (even those
  used to kill bacteria in cuts and scrapes)
• Concerns
• Overuse of these products leads to development of
  resistant forms of the various microbes.

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Biotechnology and Medicine

• What is biotechnology?
• The use of living organisms or parts of organisms
  to produce products used by people (medications
  and foods).
• Examples
• Bacteria are used to produce large quantities of
  certain drugs rapidly, because of their rapid
  reproduction ( insulin, growth hormone, blood
  pressure medicines, interferon which treats
  influenza)
• Viruses are used to make vaccines. They are also
  used to transmit piggyback vaccines which treat
  genetic disorders by inserting the DNA sequence
  that is missing by using a harmless virus.

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Biotechnology and Agriculture

• Scientists are seeking ways to alter crops to
  make them resistant to disease, herbicides, and
  frost.
• Food crops are manipulated to taste better and
  provide better nutrition.
• Scientists developed a type of tomato that can
  stay on the vine longer to ripen without rotting
  before going to market.

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North Carolina and Biotechnology

• Largest firm is the North Carolina Biotechnology
  Center in Research Triangle Park.
• Provides economic benefits by creating jobs and
  conducting research so farmers can increase crop
  production.

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Ethics and Biotechnology

• Safety of genetically modified crops
• Is it appropriate to alter genetic material of a
  living thing?

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Resources

• AIDS Pathology
• http//medstat.med.utah.edu/WebPath/TUTORIAL/AIDS
  /AIDS001.html
• I obtained images of viruses from this site.
• The Big Picture Book of Viruses
• http//www.virology.net/Big_Virology/BVHomePage.h
  tml
• I obtained images of influenza virus and HIV.
• Flu NIAID Fact Sheet
• http//www.niaid.nih.gov/factsheets/flu.htm
• I obtained information about influenze from this
  site.
• Handwashing CDC An Ounce of Prevention
  Keeps the Germs Away http//www.cdc.gov/ncidod
  /op/handwashing.htm
• I obtained the video on hand washing from this
  site.

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Resources, continued

• Malaria Brochure
• http//www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/malaria/
• Epidemic The World of Infectious Diseases
• http//www.amnh.org/exhibitions/epidemic/index.ht
  m
• l
• Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Press Release
  on DNA of the tissue destroyer -Genome clues to
  Amoebic Dysentery
• http//www.sanger.ac.uk/Info/Press/2005/050223.sh
  tml
• I obtained an image and content information about
  Etamoeba Hystolytica.