Elements

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Welcome Back Students!

• Come in, have a seat, and begin thinking about
  what you believe art to be.

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Elements of Design

• The elements are the most basic features of
  anything and everything visual. They are the
  building blocks of all art and design. The
  elements include Color, Line, Shape, Space,
  Form, Texture, and Value.

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• Line is the path of a moving dot.
• There are many different kinds of lines straight
  - curved, jagged - smooth, thick - thin, weak -
  strong, dark - light, long - short, wavy -
  feathery, actual - implied.
• Many different materials and tools can make
  lines.
• Lines can vary in width, length, and direction.
• Lines can be vertical, horizontal, or diagonal,
  and can change direction abruptly forming a
  corner, or change direction gently, forming a
  curve.
• Lines can express mood and emotion.
• Lines can be used to divide space.
• Lines can be used to define shapes.
• Lines can be used to simulate texture.

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• When a line begins and ends at the same point, a
  shape is made.
• Everything has shape.
• All shapes have two dimensions - length and
  width.
• Shapes can be geometric, such as circle, oval,
  square, rectangle, or triangle OR shapes can be
  'organic', free form.
• Shapes can be representational - something you
  can recognize, or shapes can be
  non-representational - a non-recognizable shape.
• Shapes can be positive or negative.

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Form

• When the third dimension of depth (or thickness)
  is added to length and width, shape becomes form.
  
• Form can be geometric such as cube, cylinder,
  cone, or sphere, or shape can be organic, free
  form.
• Form can be representational - something you can
  recognize, or shapes can be non-representational
  - a non-recognizable form.
• Form can be actual 3-D, or implied 3-D.

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Value

• Note the full range of tones from white through
  to black.
• All objects are defined by the way light touches
  their surfaces. Light, or the lack of it -- dark,
  are chiefly responsible for the definition of
  form.
• Tonal areas, shadows, cast shadows and
  reflections occur as a result of the interaction
  of light the quality of light, the location of
  the light source, and surface qualities of the
  subject.
• Changes in light and dark define shapes and form.
  
• Light and dark content is what gives power and
  impact to our visual environment.

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Space

• Space can be the actual three dimensional
  features of a sculpture in space, or the illusion
  of space and depth created in a two dimensional
  image.
• Illusion of space on a two dimensional (2-D)
  surface can be achieved through a number of
  natural perspective means, including relative
  apparent size, overlapping, placement on the
  picture plane, colour intensity variation, use of
  lights and darks, use of warm or cool colours,
  and amount of distinction and detail.
• Illusion of space can also be achieved through
  linear perspective, a concept where three
  dimensional forms are drawn on a two dimensional
  surface using a system of parallel converging
  lines that come together at a point, known as a
  'vanishing point'.

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Texture

• Texture refers to the feel or look of a surface.
• All surfaces have texture.
• There are many different kinds of surface
  textures including rough, smooth, prickly, soft,
  coarse, furry, pebbly, shiny, gritty, velvety.
• Simulated or implied texture is drawn or painting
  to created the illusion of texture. It cannot be
  felt, only seen.
• Texture will affect light reflection and causes
  colour values to change. Texture creates
  highlights and shadows.

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• Colors/hues are the names given to the different
  rays of light that are visible in a spectrum, for
  example, the light refracted through a prism.
• Everything has color.
• Colors can give the illusion of depth closer
  objects are more intense, while distant objects
  appear duller.
• The effect of a color can be changed by the
  surrounding color.
• Color is the most persuasive element.
• Color can show emotions and mood.
• Colors can be put into groups of warm and cool
  colors.

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Principles of Design

• The principles are effects created by using the
  elements in some way. The principles include
  Balance, Contrast, Emphasis, Pattern, Repetition,
  Rhythm, Movement, and Unity. It is not possible
  to have the principles without the elements. For
  example, the principle of contrast (differences
  in light and dark) can be produced by using the
  element of tone.

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• Chilkat BlanketTlingit The design of this
  blanket is symmetrically balanced. (See also
  pattern repetition)
• There is balance when the parts of an image have
  the same visual weight
• Imbalance can create a sense of awkwardness or
  discomfort, and can be used to create tension or
  impact in an image.
• Balance can be symmetrical (formal) in which the
  parts are visually equal, such as two shapes of
  the same size. Symmetrical balance gives a sense
  of order, and stateliness.
• Asymmetrical (informal) balance may have parts
  that a re not identical, such as two small shapes
  balanced by one large shape. Asymmetrical balance
  gives the sense of activity and creates interest.
  
• Radial balance revolves around a real or
  imaginary central point.

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• David and GoliathCaravaggio This painting
  displays emphasis on sharp differences in light
  and dark for a dramatic effect.
• Contrast is created when two unlike qualities are
  placed together.
• Contrast can be achieved through the use of any
  of the elements.
• Contrast can be used to emphasize, dramatize,
  surprise or add variety to an image.
• Contrast can be high or low (strong or subtle).
  High contrast tends towards a more dramatic
  effect, while low contrast tends towards soothing
  and settling.

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• Blue Lights and RocketsJMW Turner Swirling
  atmosphere, strong lines, contrasts, and
  reflections, all draw attention to the bright
  focal point.
• Emphasis is used to call attention to a specific
  area in an image.
• Emphasis is sometimes also referred to as the
  focal point or center of interest.
• Emphasis implies both dominant and subordinate
  areas.
• Emphasis can be achieved by increased size,
  strong colour, greater detail, sharp contrast,
  distorted shape, placement in the composition,
  movement of the image leading the eye to a focal
  point.

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Pattern

• Pattern is created by the repetition of an
  element or similar elements.
• Variations of an element can be used to create
  pattern, such as varying sizes of shapes, or
  varying colors of a shape.
• Combinations of elements can be used in the
  creation of pattern, such as variations of
  colors, shapes, and textures.
• Repeated pattern can create rhythm.
• Repetition can have other effects in an image,
  for example, a color repeated in different areas
  of a picture can increase its power.
• Repetition of certain elements within an image
  tends to hold the overall design together.

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Movement

• TrioSteve Magada Repeated, gestural lines create
  a sense of movement.
• Movement is meant to show activity in an image.
• Movement is achieved by manipulating the element,
  such as the use of tonal gradation, repeated
  lines, etc.
• 'Stop action' images such as sports activities,
  show physical movement.
• Compositional movement is implied movement
  created by the repetition of shapes or lines.

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Unity

• Canyon Wall 14Virginia Cobb Similar shapes and
  colours, and a grid-based composition establish
  unity in this painting.
• Unity in an image is achieved when the elements
  work together to produce harmony, completeness,
  and a sense of order.
• Unity can be achieved though various elements,
  such as in the combination of similar colours,
  lines, shapes, etc.
• Lack of unity produces disharmony,
  incompleteness, disorder, and dissonance.
• However, unity without contrast can be
  uninteresting.