Figure 17-1 Page 350

1
Figure 17-1Page 350
Crane for moving fuel rods
Steam generator
Water pumps
4 Additional water pump to cool reactor was
turned on. But with low power output and extra
drain on system, water didnt actually reach
reactor.
2
Figure 17-2Page 351
Coal
Oil and Natural Gas
Geothermal Energy
Hot water storage
Contour strip mining
Floating oil drilling platform
Oil storage
Geothermal power plant
Oil drilling platform on legs
Area strip mining
Pipeline
Pipeline
Oil well
Drilling tower
Mined coal
Gas well
Valves
Water penetrates down through the rock
Pump
Underground coal mine
Water is heated and brought up as dry steam
or wet steam
Impervious rock
Natural gas
Oil
Hot rock
Water
Water
Magma
3
Figure 17-3aPage 352
Nuclear power 6
Hydropower, geothermal, solar, wind 6
Natural Gas 22
RENEWABLE 16
Biomass 10
Coal 23
Oil 33
NONRENEWABLE 84
World
4
Figure 17-3bPage 352
Nuclear power 8
Hydropower geothermal solar, wind 3
Natural Gas 24
RENEWABLE 6
Coal 23
Oil 39
Biomass 3
NONRENEWABLE 94
United States
5
Figure 17-4Page 352
60
History
Projections
Oil
50
Natural gas
40
Coal
Energy consumption (quadrillion Btus)
Nuclear
30
Nonhydro renewable
20
Renewable hydro
10
0
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
Year
6
Figure 17-5Page 353
60
History
Projections
Oil
50
Natural gas
40
Coal
Nuclear
Energy consumption (quadrillion Btus)
30
Nonhydro renewable
20
Renewable hydro
10
0
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
Year
7
Figure 17-6Page 353
100
Wood
Coal
80
Natural gas
60
Contribution to total energy consumption (percent)
Oil
40
Hydrogen Solar
20
Nuclear
0
2100
2025
1950
1875
1800
Year
8
Figure 17-7aPage 354
Space Heating
Passive solar
5.8
Natural gas
4.9
Oil
4.5
Active solar
1.9
Coal gasification
1.5
Electric resistance heating (coal-fired plant)
0.4
Electric resistance heating (natural-gas-fired
plant)
0.4
Electric resistance heating (nuclear plant)
0.3
9
Figure 17-7bPage 354
High-Temperature Industrial Heat
28.2
Surface-mined coal
Underground-mined coal
25.8
Natural gas
4.9
Oil
4.7
Coal gasification
1.5
Direct solar (highly concentrated by mirrors,
heliostats, or other devices)
0.9
10
Figure 17-7cPage 354
Transportation
Natural gas
4.9
Gasoline (refined crude oil)
4.1
Biofuel (ethyl alcohol)
1.9
Coal liquefaction
1.4
Oil shale
1.2
11
Figure 17-8Page 356
Gases
Gasoline
Aviation fuel
Heating oil
Diesel oil
Naphtha
Grease and wax
Furnace
Asphalt
12
Figure 17-9Page 357
Arctic Ocean
Prudhoe Bay
Coal
Beaufort Sea
ALASKA
Gas
Oil
Valdez
High potential areas
Gulf of Alaska
CANADA
Grand Banks
Pacific Ocean
UNITED STATES
Atlantic Ocean
MEXICO
13
Figure 17-10Page 357
LOUISIANA
GEORGIA
ALABAMA
MISSISSIPPI
TEXAS
FLORIDA
GULF OF MEXICO
Active drilling sites
14
Figure 17-11Page 358
70
60
50
40
Oil price per barrel
30
20
(1997 dollars)
10
0
1950
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1960
Year
15
Figure 17-12Page 358
30
Projections
History
25
20
Net imports
Consumption
Oil (million barrels per day)
15
10
Domestic supply
5
0
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
Year
16
Figure 17-13Page 359
History
Projections
120
100
80
Total
Oil (million barrels per day)
60
Developed
40
20
Developing
0
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
Year
17
Figure 17-14Page 360
Trade-Offs
Drilling for Oil and Natural Gas In Alaskas
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
Advantages
Disadvantages
Only 19 of finding oil equal to what U.S.
consumes in 7-24 months Too little potential oil
to significantly reduce oil imports Costs too
high and potential oil supply too little to lower
energy prices Studies show considerable oil
spills and other environmental damage
from Alaskan oil fields Potential degradation of
refuge not worth the risk Unnecessary if
improved slant drilling allows oil to be drilled
from outside the refuge
Could increase U.S oil and natural gas
supplies Could reduce oil imports slightly Would
bring jobs and oil revenue to Alaska May lower
oil prices slightly Oil companies have developed
Alaskan Oil fields without significant harm New
drilling techniques will leave little
environ- mental impact
18
Figure 17-15Page 360
Trade-Offs
Conventional Oil
Advantages
Disadvantages
Ample supply for 42-93 years Low cost (with
huge subsidies) High net energy yield Easily
transported within and between countries Low
land use Technology is well developed Efficien
t distribution system
Need to find substitute within 50
years Artifically low price encourages waste
and discourages search for alternative Air
pollution when burned Releases CO2 when
burned Moderate water pollution
19
Figure 17-16Page 361
Coal-fired electricity
286
Synthetic oil and gas produced from coal
150
100
Coal
92
Oil sand
86
Oil
58
Natural gas
17
Nuclear power
20
Figure 17-17Page 361
21
Figure 17-18Page 362
Trade-Offs
Heavy Oils from Oil Shale and Oil Sand
Advantages
Disadvantages
High cost (oil shale)
Moderate cost (oil sand)
Low net energy yield
Large potential supplies, especially oil
sands in Canada
Large amount of water needed for processing
Severe land disruption from surface mining
Easily transported within and between countries
Water pollution from mining residues
Efficient distribution system in place
Air pollution when burned
Technology is well developed
CO2 emissions when burned
22
Figure 17-19Page 363
Trade-Offs
Conventional Natural Gas
Advantages
Disadvantages
Ample supplies (125 years)
Nonrenewable resource
High net energy yield
Releases CO2 when burned
Methane (a greenhouse gas) can leak from pipelines
Low cost (with huge subsidies)
Less air pollution than other fossil fuels
Difficult to transfer from one country to another
Lower CO2 emissions than other fossil fuels
Shipped across ocean as highly explosive LNG
Moderate environmental impact
Sometimes burned off and wasted at wells because
of low price
Low land use
Easily transported by pipeline
Requires pipelines
Good fuel for fuel cells and gas turbines
23
Figure 17-20Page 364
Increasing heat and carbon content
Increasing moisture content
Peat (not a coal)
Lignite (brown coal)
Bituminous Coal (soft coal)
Anthracite (hard coal)
Heat
Heat
Heat
Pressure
Pressure
Pressure
Partially decayed plant matter in swamps and
bogs low heat content
Low heat content low sulfur content limited
supplies in most areas
Extensively used as a fuel because of its high
heat content and large supplies normally has
a high sulfur content
Highly desirable fuel because of its high heat
content and low sulfur content supplies are
limited in most areas
24
Figure 17-21Page 365
Trade-Offs
Coal
Advantages
Disadvantages
Ample supplies (225900 years)
Very high environmental impact
Severe land disturbance, air pollution, and
water pollution
High net energy yield
Low cost (with huge subsidies)
High land use (including mining)
Mining and combustion technology well-developed
Severe threat to human health
High CO2 emissions when burned
Air pollution can be reduced with
improved technology (but adds to cost)
Releases radioactive particles and mercury into
air
25
Figure 17-22Page 365
Trade-Offs
Synthetic Fuels
Advantages
Disadvantages
Large potential supply
Low to moderate net energy yield
Higher cost than coal
Vehicle fuel
Requires mining 50 more coal
High environmental impact
Moderate cost (with large government subsidies)
Increased surface mining of coal
High water use
Lower air pollution when burned than coal
High CO2 emissions when burned
26
Figure 17-23Page 367
Small amounts of radioactive gases
Waste heat
Electrical power
Steam
Useful energy 25 to 30
Generator
Turbine
Hot water output
Condenser
Pump
Pump
Cool water input
Waste heat
Pump
Water
Waste heat
Water source (river, lake, ocean)
Periodic removal and storage of radioactive
wastes and spent fuel assemblies
Periodic removal and storage of radioactive
liquid wastes
27
Figure 17-24Page 368
Decommissioning of reactor
Fuel assemblies
Reactor
Enrichment UF6
Fuel fabrication
Temporary storage of spent fuel
assemblies underwater or in dry casks
(conversion of enriched UF6 to UO2 and
fabrication of fuel assemblies)
Uranium 235 as UF6 Plutonium-239 as PuO2
Conversion of U3 O8 to UF6
Spent fuel reprocessing
Low level radiation with long half-life
Geologic disposal of moderate and high-level
radioactive wastes
Open fuel cycle today
Prospective closed end of fuel cycle
28
Figure 17-25Page 369
Reactors
Operational
1
Yucca Mountain high-level nuclear waste storage
site
Decommissioned
1
29
Figure 17-26Page 370
Trade-Offs
Conventional Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Advantages
Disadvantages
Large fuel supply
High cost (even with large subsidies)
Low environmental impact (without accidents)
Low net energy yield
High environmental impact (with major accidents)
Emits 1/6 as much CO2 as coal
Catastrophic accidents can happen (Chernobyl)
Moderate land disruption and water
pollution (without accidents)
No widely acceptable solution for long-term
storage of radioactive wastes and
decommissioning worn-out plants
Moderate land use
Low risk of accidents because of multiple safety
systems (except in 35 poorly designed and run
reactors in former Soviet Union and Eastern
Europe)
Subject to terrorist attacks
Spreads knowledge andtechnology for building
nuclear weapons
30
Figure 17-27Page 371
Trade-Offs
Coal vs. Nuclear
Coal
Nuclear
Ample supply
Ample supply of uranium
Low net energy yield
High net energy yield
Low air pollution (mostly from fuel reprocessing)
Very high air pollution
High CO2 emissions
Low CO2 emissions (mostly from fuel reprocessing)
High land disruption from surface mining
Much lower land disruption from surface mining
High land use
Moderate land use
Low cost (with huge subsidies)
High cost (with huge subsidies)
31
Figure 17-28Page 373
2,500 ft. (760 m) deep
32
Figure 17-29Page 374
Nuclear power plants
Yucca Mountain
Railroads
Highways
33
Animation
HIV replication animation.
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34
Animation
HIV replication animation.
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