Vector%20Hills%20Template

1
Animal Plant Interactions
Plant Defenses Vasakorn Bullangpoti,
Ph.D. Email fscivkb_at_ku.ac.th
2
(No Transcript)
3
Topics

• Why plant have to defences itself
• Type of plant defences
• Mechanical defences
• Biochemical defences

4
WHY?

• Plant defense against herbivory or host-plant
  resistance (HPR) includes a range of adaptations
  evolved by plants that improve their survival and
  reproduction by reducing the impact of
  herbivores.

5
Strategies

• To escape or avoid herbivores in time or in place
• (for example by growing in a location where
  plants are not easily found or accessed by
  herbivores or by repelling herbivores chemically
  (also termed non-preference or antixenosis)).
• To tolerates herbivores, by diverting the
  herbivore to eat non-essential parts of the plant
• Developing an enhanced ability to recover from
  the damage caused by herbivory.
• Some plants encourage the presence of natural
  enemies of herbivores, which in turn protect the
  plant from herbivores.
• confrontation the use of chemical or mechanical
  defenses, such as toxins that kill herbivores or
  reduce plant digestibility (also called
  antibiosis)

6
Defense type

• Mechanical defense
• Mimicry and camouflage
• Indirect defenses
• Leaf shedding and color
• Chemical defense

7
Mechanical defense

• Plants surface
• resins, lignins, silica, and wax cover the
  epidermis of terrestrial plants

8
(No Transcript)
9
(No Transcript)
10
Both lignin and cellulose are found in the rigid
cell walls of the xylem cells (those that conduct
water) in the primitive plant, Selaginella.
Source www.nsf.gov
11
 Pathway of lignin biosynthesis in angiosperm
trees.Wood is a composite of fibrous cellulose
embedded in short-chain polysaccharides and
polyphenolic lignin. During pulping, lignin is
chemically degraded, with an unavoidable removal
of a majority of the hemicelluloses, to release
cellulose fibers from wood for papermaking. When
expression of the gene encoding CAD is
downregulated in hybrid poplar trees, lignin
becomes more chemically reactive and transgenic
wood can be pulped with fewer chemicals. In
contrast, suppression of COMT gene expression
renders lignin more chemically resistant,
requiring more pulping chemicals. But the field
performances of both transgenic types are similar
to those of wild-type poplars.
Source www.nature.com
12
Suberin
13
plant defense in action - latex kills monarch.jpg
14
Mechanical defense

• The thorns on the stem of this raspberry plant,
  serve as a mechanical defense against herbivory.

15
Mechanical defense

• Spine

16
THORN
SPINE
Thorn is modified from stem Spine is modified
from leave
17
Mechanical defense

• Trichome

Granular Trichrome
18
Thigmonasty

• occur in response to touch, are used as a defense
  in some plants

Mimosa pudica in normal and touched state
19
Mimicry and camouflage

• The Fly Orchid (Ophrys insectifera).

20
Fake Heliconius eggs
www.uts.cc.utexas.edu
21
Indirect defense
Acacia collinsii in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. _at_
wikimedia.com
22
Chemical defense
Principle of Phytochemistry
23
Introduction to the biosynthesis of secondary
plant metabolites

• Primary and secondary metabolites

24
(No Transcript)
25
?????? 1 ?????????????????????????????????????????
????
26
??????????????????????????????????????????
(primary metabolites) ?????????????????????
(secondary metabolites)
PRIMARY METABOLITES SECONDARY METABOLITES
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? (fundamental building block) ??????????????????????? ????????????????????????   ?????? a-amino acids, fatty acids, common sugars, carboxylic acids of Krebs cycle, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleotides ?? primary metabolites ?????????????? (precursors) ?????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? family ???? genus ???????????? ?????? alkaloids, terpenoids, antibiotics, flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides
27
Classification of secondary metabolites

• ???????????????????????????????? ???????????
  ????????????????? (biosynthetic pathway)
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????

28
????????????????????????????????????????????????
acetogenin ???? polyketide
29
?????Type of secondary metabolites

• ???????????????? key intermediate
  ????????????????? secondary metabolites ????????

GROUP NAME KEY INTERMEDIATE TYPE OF COMPOUND
Acetogenin (polyacetate), polyketides acetic acid polyphenols, prostaglandins, polyacetylenes
Shikimates shikimic acid cinnamic acids, aromatic compounds
Terpenes (isoprenoids) mevalonic acid mono-, sesqui-, di- terpenes, steroids
Alkaloids amino acids alkaloids
Mixed origin 2 or more of above isoprenoid quinones, flavonoids
30
Function of secondary metabolites in plants

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????? ????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????
• 1.      ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????? ????
  family, genus, species ???????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????????????
• 2.      ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????
• 3.      ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????
• 4.      ??????????, ??????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????
• 5.      ??????????, ???? ????????
  ??????????????????? ? ?????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???? ?
• 6.      ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????? secondary metabolism
  ????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?

31
Function of secondary metabolites in plants

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??? ??????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????? flavonoid ??????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????? ? ???
• ?????????????????????????????????
  ???????????? ????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????? ???????

32
Natural component in plant materials

• Carbohydrate
• Lipids
• Volatile oils
• Alkaloids
• Glycosides

33
(No Transcript)
34
(No Transcript)
35
Volatile oil
36
Volatile oils (essential oil)

• Essential oils are stored in special cells,
  ducts, or glandular hairs that are distributed
  among the roots, leaves, bark, stems, and flowers
  of the plant.
• Essential oils protect the plant from insects and
  other herbivores, from bacteria, molds, fungi,
  and other microorganisms, and also helps to heal
  inflicted wounds.  These unique characteristics
  make essential oils highly beneficial to
  humankind.

37
(No Transcript)
38
Alcohol volatile oil
Geraniol Citronellol Menthol ltalphagt-terpineol
C10 H20 O
39
Hydrocarbon volatile oil
Main Hydrocarbon Terpene Dicyclic monoterpene
pinene
40
Aldehyde volatile oil
Main aldehyde Geranial Neral citronellal
41
Ketone volatile oil
Menthone Carvone pipertone Pulegone Camphor
??????
42
oxide volatile oil
43
Volatile oil extraction method
44
(No Transcript)
45
Enfleurage
46
(No Transcript)
47
Alkaloids
48
Alkaloids
49
What is alkaloids

• Any of various organic compounds, normally with
  bases and usually containing at least one
  nitrogen atom in a heterocyclic ring, occurring
  chiefly in many vascular plants and some fungi.

50
(No Transcript)
51
?????? 1 TRUE Alkaloid heterocyclic ring
????????????????????????????????????????????
52
Protoalkaloids
Pseudo alkaloids
aconitine
53
???????????? ??????????

• ???? Quinine
• ??????????????? ??????????????????????????????????
  ??? ???????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????
  ????? ???????????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????? (free base) ?????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????

54
(No Transcript)
55
?????????? ??????????

• ??????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????? ???????????????????????????
  ????????
• ???? ?????????????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????? ????
  ????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????? (detoxification)??????
  ???????????????metabolism ??????

56
Glycoside
57
Glycosides

• ??????????????????????????????????????????
  aglycone ??????????????? genin ???????????????????
  ???? ????????????????????? ???????????? glycone
  part ?????????? glycosidic bond ??????? aglycone
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????? ???????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????

58
Glycosides

• ?????????? oside ???? sennoside
• ?? glycoside ??????????? angiospermae
  ???????????????????????????? ????? glycoside
  ?????????????????????????????
• ????????????? secondary metabolites
  ???????????????? glycoside ???????????????????
  ???????????? glycoside ???????????????????????????
  ???? ????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????? ???? secondary metabolites
  ????????????????????????? ???????????? glycoside
  ????????????????????? ????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????

59
(No Transcript)
60
Saponins

• Saponins ???? glycoside ????????? aglycone
  (sapogenin) ???????????? steroids ????
  triterpenoids ??????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????? C3 ???????
  O-glycoside ???????????????????? oligosaccharide
  1-5 ?????
• Saponins ???????????????????????????? ????
  ?????????????????????????????, ???????????????????
  ???? ??? ???????????????????????

61
??????? saponins (?????????????????????????
aglycone )

• Steroidal saponins

?????? 5 steroidal saponins
62
Steroidal saponins

• ??????????????? ????? steroid nucleus
  ??????????????????? ???????????????????????? ????
  ????????? Dioscoraceae (genus Dioscorea),
  Amaryllidaceae (genus Agave), Lilliaceae (genus
  Yucca ??? Trillium) ?????????????????????
  glycoside (???????????? triterpenoid saponin
  ????????????????????? glycoside ???????????)
  ???????????? steroidal saponin ???????????????????
  ?????? sex hormones, cortisone ??? cardiac
  glycoside ????????????????????????????????????????
  steroid hormones
• ??????????? steroidal saponin ???? diosgenin ????
  Dioscorea spp., sarsaponin ???? Yucca spp.,
  sarmentogenin ???? Strophanthus spp. ???
  ginsenoside ???????????

63
2.       Triterpenoid saponins

• ?????????????????????????? glycoside ???
  sapogenin ????? ?????????????????????????
  ???????????? Caryophyllaceae, Sapindaceae,
  Polygonaceae, Sapotaceae
• ??????????? triterpenoid saponin ??????
  glycyrrhizic acid (glycyrrhetinic acid 2
  glucuronic acid) ???????????? (Glycyrrhiza glaba)

?????? 6 triterpenoid saponin
64
???????????? saponin

• 1.       ??????????????? detergent
  ?????????????? saponin ?????????? colloidal
  solution ??????????????????????? ?????????????
  aglycone ????????????????????????? carbon 27 30
  atom ????????? aglycone ??????????? lipophillic
  ????????????????????????????????? ??????????????
  hydrophillic ????????? saponin???????????
  lipophillic / hydrophillic ?????????????
  ???????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????
• 2.       ???????????????????????? ????????????
  hemolysis

65
??????????? saponin

• 1.       ???????????????????????
• 2.       ?????????????????????????????????????????
  ????
• 3.       ????????????? ???????????? paralysis
  ????????? ????????????????????? ???????????????
  saponin ????????????????????? ????? saponin
  ?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????
  ?? ???????????????????????????????
  ???????????????
• 4.       ???????????????????????????????? steroid

66
(No Transcript)
67
(No Transcript)
68
(No Transcript)
69
?????????????

• 1.       ??????? ???????????????, ???????
  ????????????, ??????? ??????, ????? ?????????,
  ??????? ?????????, ????? ??????????, ????
  ????????????? (??????????), ??????????????????????
  ???, ????????????????????????????, ?????????????,
  2534
• 2.       'Secondary Metabolism', in Plant
  Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2nd ed., P.J.
  Lea and Leegood (eds.),John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
  1999
• 3.       http//orbital.chem.utas.edu.au
• 4.      The Acetate-Malonate Pathway, in
  Secondary Plant Metabolism, Margaret L. Vickery
  and Brian Vickery (eds.), The Macmillan Press,
  1981
• 5.       Natural Products (Secondary
  Metabolites), in Biochemistry and Molecular
  Biology of Plants, B Buchanan, W. Gruissem and R.
  Jones (eds), American Society of Plant
  Physiologist, 2000
• 6.       James E. Robbers, Marilyn K. Speedie,
  Varro E. Tyler, Pharmacognosy and
  pharmacobiotechnology, Williams ?Wilkins,
  Bangkok, 1996.
• 7.       Paul M. Dewick, Medicinal Natural
  Products, A Biosynthetic Approach, John Wiley
  ?Sons, New York, 1997.
• 8.       http//www.uky.edu/dhild/biochem/26/lect
  26.html
• 9.       Shikimic acid pathway metabolites, in
  Secondary plant metabolism , Magaret L. Vickery
  and Brian Vickery, The macmillan press LTD.1981.
• 10.    http//www.life.uiuc.edu
• 11.    http//www.biology.ualberta.ca
• 12. http//mylesson.swu.ac.th/ppg301/index2.htm

70
The END