Economic%20and%20Social%20%20Data%20Service%20(ESDS)

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Linking International Macro and Micro Data - The
Basics
Unit 1 Celia Russell ESDS International, MIMAS,
The University of Manchester
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Objectives

• Understand the basic conceptual differences
  between aggregate and survey data
• Understand how international data is produced and
  disseminated, and the role of ESDS International
• Know more about the organisations that produce
  the international databanks
• Outline the content of the major international
  aggregate databases
• Access, subset and chart data from the World
  Development Indicators
• Outline the content of the major international
  survey datasets

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Survey data

• Micro or survey data are data on individuals.
  This may be an individual person, or household or
  company.
• For example, in a census every household fills in
  a form with the name and age of everyone in the
  house. These individual responses are collected
  together into one giant survey dataset.
• Often survey data is anonymised before released.
  This means that some details are removed to
  protect the identity of the respondent

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Survey data in SPSS (data view)
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SPSS (variable view)
These are names, descriptive labels and technical
information for the variables we saw in data view.
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Aggregate or macro data

• Macro or aggregated data are
• Data about populations, groups, regions or
  countries. Example of aggregate indicators are
  life expectancy or employment rates.
• Data that have been averaged, totaled or
  otherwise derived from the individual level data
  found in the survey datasets. Most of the
  aggregate data we are going to talk about now is
  data about countries.
• Aggregate data are usually time series data,
  with repeated observations of the same indicator
  for the same country at regular intervals.

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Other types of data

• Other types of database used in the social
  sciences include
• longitudinal or panel
• qualitative
• mesodata

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Example longitudinal dataThe British Cohort
Study

• Following the lives of the 17,000 babies born in
  the UK between 5th and 11th April 1970
• In year zero used clinical records and talked to
  mother and midwife about the birth
• At ages 5, 10 and 16 talked to class teachers and
  parents and carried out medical tests
• At 26, 29 and 32 interviewed subjects about their
  work, relationships, health, family, politics and
  values
• The anonymised data can be used to follow
  individual life courses

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Aggregate data sources

• Inter-governmental organisations (IGOs) such as
  the International Monetary Fund and World Bank
  are the primary actors in the collection and
  dissemination of international aggregate data
• The UK is unique in that through ESDS
  International, the UK academic community has free
  web-based access to the major databanks produced
  by the IMF, World Bank and other major
  international governmental organisations.

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ESDS International

• Provides the UK academic community with free
  web-based access to a range of key international
  macro databanks produced by organisations such as
  the United Nations, OECD and World Bank
• Helps users to locate and acquire international
  micro level datasets
• Promotes the use of international datasets in
  research and teaching across a range of
  disciplines
• Is led by MIMAS at the Manchester University

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International data providers

• The databanks originate from
• International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
  Development (OECD)
• United Nations (UN)
• World Bank
• Eurostat
• International Labour Organisation (ILO)
• UK Office for National Statistics
• International Energy Agency

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International data themes

• Databanks cover
• economic performance and development
• trade, industry and markets
• employment
• demography, migration and health
• governance
• human development
• social expenditure
• education
• science and technology
• land use and the environment
• energy

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Aggregate data portfolio
International Monetary Fund Direction of Trade Statistics Balance of Payments Statistics Government Finance Statistics International Financial Statistics World Bank World Development Indicators World Bank Global Development Finance International Labour Organisation Key Indicators of the Labour Market United Nations Common Database United Nations Industrial Development Organization Industrial Statistics Databases Demand Supply Databases
ESDS International provides free online access to
the full versions of the latest releases of these
databases to the UK academic community.
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Aggregate data portfolio (cont)
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Main Economic Indicators International Development International Direct Investment Statistics International Migration Statistics Main Economic Indicators Main Science and Technology Indicators Measuring Globalisation Quarterly Labour Force Statistics Services Statistics International Trade by Commodities Social Expenditure Database Eurostat New Cronos International Energy Agency Coal Information CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Electricity information Energy Prices and Taxes Energy Technology Research and Development Database Natural Gas Information Oil Information Renewables Information World Energy Statistics and Balances
ESDS International provides free online access to
the full versions of these databases to the UK
academic community.
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Accessing the Data

• Freely available to UK FE and HE
• Access via federated access management user
  authentication and ESDS online registration
• Special Conditions may also apply
• Delivered over the web via Beyond 20/20 Web Data
  Server (WDS)
• Download formats include .xls, .csv and .ivt

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World Bank Databases

• Collects data on all aspects of human development
  worldwide
• Annual data, designed for international
  comparability
• World Development Indicators
• Global Development Finance

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World Development Indicators

• Global database covers 190 countries
• Annual data starting 1960
• Widely cited

• The World Development Indicators provides a
  broad picture of poverty trends and social
  welfare, the use of environmental resources, the
  performance of the public sector, and the
  integration of the global economy.

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Example from the World Development Indicators
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Global Development Finance

• Global Development Finance is the World Banks
  annual review of financial flows to developing
  countries. It also contains the Bank's
  projections for debt repayments etc for next ten
  years
• Only covers developing countries
• Annual data starting 1970s

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Example from the Global Development Finance

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IMF databanks

• International Financial Statistics
• Government Finance Statistics
• Balance of Payments Statistics
• Direction of Trade

The four major databanks produced by the IMF
contain data on national accounts, trade, the
balance of payments and government spending for
around 190 countries. Collectively, they provide
a global picture of economic development and
international trade over the last 50 years.
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IMF International Financial Statistics

• is published monthly since 1948 and updated
  monthly
• is the IMFs principal statistical publication
  and is the standard source for all aspects of
  international and domestic finance.
• covers over 200 countries
• reports time series data on exchange rates,
  balance of payments, international liquidity,
  money and banking, interest rates, prices,
  production, international transactions,
  government accounts, national accounts and
  population
• Has 3 sections world tables, country tables and
  commodity prices

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IMF Direction of Trade

• Contains data on the value of merchandise exports
  and imports between each country and all its
  trading partners
• Covers 186 countries and 12 regional groups
• Monthly, quarterly and annual data are presented
• most countries data extend from the 1980s to
  the present
• the IMF release pre-1980 Direction of Trade data
  as a separate database, (also available through
  ESDS International)
• The database is updated monthly

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IMF Balance of Payments Statistics

• 175 countries worldwide
• Time series data covering the standard balance of
  payment components and international investment
  positions of countries worldwide
• Quarterly and annual time series data. When the
  data are available
• Where available, most countries data extend from
  1970s to the present

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IMF Government Finance Statistics

• Covers data government income (such as tax and
  bonds) and expenditure by sector (defence,
  education, health, etc) for all levels of
  government (national, state, local)
• 149 countries worldwide
• Annual time series data. Annual entries generally
  begin in 1990 and run to the latest available
  year
• Pre 1990 data is released as a separate database
• Updated quarterly

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IMF databanks
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Hands on activities

• OK, lets try some hands-on!
• www.esds.ac.uk/international
• The prototype materials are located at
• www.mimas.ac.uk/limmd/workshop

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Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD) databases

• Agriculture
• Banking Statistics (formerly Bank Profitability)
• Economic Outlook Statistics and Projections
• Education Statistics (formerly Education at a
  Glance)
• Employment and Labour Market Statistics
• Globalisation
• ITCS International Trade by Commodity
• Indicators of Industry and Services
• Institutional Investors
• Insurance
• International Development
• International Direct Investment
• International Migration
• International Trade and Competitiveness

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Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD) databases 2

• Main Economic Indicators
• Monthly International Trade
• National Accounts
• OECD Health Data
• Revenue
• STAN Structural Analysis
• Science, Technology and R D
• Services
• Social Expenditure
• Statistical Compendium
• Structural and Demographic Business Statistics
  (formerly Structural Statistics for Industry and
  Services)
• Taxing Wages
• Telecommunications and Internet

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OECD International Development Statistics

• Net US Development Assistance to the Middle East

OECD, International Development Statistics,
October 2006, ESDS International, (MIMAS)
University of Manchester
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International Energy Agency

• Databases cover around 130 countries
• The majority of the IEA datasets contain annual
  time series data from 1960 onwards
• Updated annually except for Energy Prices and
  Taxes which is updated quarterly
• Cover energy production, trade, stocks,
  transformation, consumption, prices and taxes

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IEA databanks I

• CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion
• Energy Prices and Taxes
• Energy Technology Research and Development
  Database
• World Energy Statistics and Balances
• Energy Statistics of OECD Countries
• Energy Balances of OECD Countries
• Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries
• Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries

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IEA databanks II

• Electricity information
• Coal Information
• Natural Gas Information
• Oil Information
• Renewables Information

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Example from IEA CO2 emissions from electricity
generation in Latin America
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UN and its agencies

• The UN Common database has been used for many
  years by the UN internally as a basis for the
  formulation of policy. Covers a huge range of
  human development topics including health,
  culture, family life, education and the
  environment
• The International Labour Organisations Key
  Indicators of the Labour Market
• The UNIDO Industrial Statistics and Demand Supply
  databanks cover employment and trade world-wide,
  broken down by country and manufacturing sector.

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Example from the ILO
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International Microdata datasets official sources

• Almost every country produces its own household
  surveys.
• The International Household Survey Network
  maintains a web-based Central Survey and Census
  Catalogue that holds the metadata created by
  these surveys.

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Academic international surveys

• Many smaller organizations produce cross-national
  survey datasets.
• These typically are academically-driven surveys
  that compare opinions, life and individual
  experiences in several countries.
• Examples include the European Social Survey and
  the World Values survey.
• ESDS International provides access to these
  survey datasets alongside the macro-databanks
  through a series of reciprocal arrangements with
  the host institution or data archive.

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European Social Survey

• The European Social Survey (the ESS) is examines
  the interaction between Europe's changing
  institutions and the attitudes, beliefs and
  behaviour patterns of its diverse populations.
  Now in its third round, the survey covers over 20
  nations.

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World Values Survey

• The World Values Survey originally developed to
  answer the question, "What makes people happy?".
  It investigates socio-cultural, moral, religious
  and political values of different cultures around
  the world and looks for the relationships between
  people's values and beliefs and their overall
  levels of well-being.

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The Global Barometers

• Eurobarometer is a series of surveys
  cross-national and cross-temporal comparative
  social research conducted on behalf of the
  European Commission and designed to monitor
  social and political attitudes.
• Afrobarometer measures social and political
  attitudes in Africa. In common with the other
  barometers, it examines issues of trust in
  institutions and society, evaluation of the
  country's political and economic performance,
  participation and spiritual beliefs. It has a
  particular focus on how people feel about their
  living conditions. Covers around 18 countries
• Latinobarómetro is an annual public opinion
  survey of approximately 19.000 interviews in 18
  countries in Latin America.

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Other international surveys

• ESDS International also provides
• access to a number of other
• cross-national surveys including
• E-Living Life in a Digital Europe
• European Election Study
• European Quality of Life Survey (Eurofound)
• European Values Study
• International Social Survey Programme

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Our top ten users, Sept 2006
Institution Number of Accesses
University of Manchester 534
University of Oxford 388
University of Essex 367
London School of Economics and Politic.. 308
University of Birmingham 274
University of Leicester 255
School of Oriental and African Studies 253
University of Nottingham 239
University of Bath 171
University of Warwick 143
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Courses and Training
ESDS International provides courses and seminars
on the service on request - please ask!