COURSE OVERVIEW

1

• COURSE OVERVIEW
• 1) Understanding how plants work.
• 2) Understanding how plant biologists work.
• Method
• Technology

2

• Plan C
• We will pick a problem in plant physiology and
  see where it takes us.
• Biofuels
• Climate/CO2 change
• Stress responses/stress avoidance
• Plant products
• Improving food production
• Biotechnology
• Phytoremediation
• Plant movements
• Plant signaling (including neurobiology)
• Something else?

3

• Plan C
• Pick a problem
• Pick some plants to study
• Design some experiments
• See where they lead us

4

• Plan C
• Grading?
• Combination of papers and presentations
• First presentation10 points
• Research presentation 10 points
• Final presentation 15 points
• Assignments 5 points each
• Poster 10 points
• Intermediate report 10 points
• Final report 30 points
• Scavenger hunts?

5

• Vegetative Plants
• 3 Parts
• Leaf
• Stem
• Root

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• Vegetative Plants
• 3 tissue types
• Dermal
• Ground
• Vascular

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• Plant Development
• Cell division growth

8

• Plant Development
• Cell division growth
• Determination what cell can become

9

• Plant Development
• Cell division growth
• Determination what cell can become
• Differentiation cells become specific types

10

• Plant Development
• Cell division growth
• Determination what cell can become
• Differentiation cells become specific types
• Pattern formation developing specific structures
  in specific locations

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• Plant Development
• Cell division growth
• Determination what cell can become
• Differentiation cells become specific types
• Pattern formation
• Morphogenesis organization into tissues organs

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• Plant Development
• umbrella term for many processes
• embryogenesis

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• Plant Development
• umbrella term for many processes
• Embryogenesis
• Seed dormancy and germination

14

• Plant Development
• umbrella term for many processes
• Embryogenesis
• Seed dormancy and germination
• Seedling Morphogenesis

15

• Plant Development
• umbrella term for many processes
• Embryogenesis
• Seed dormancy and germination
• Seedling Morphogenesis
• Transition to flowering, fruit
• and seed formation

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• Plant Development
• umbrella term for many processes
• Embryogenesis
• Seed dormancy and germination
• Seedling Morphogenesis
• Transition to flowering, fruit
• and seed formation
• Many responses to environment

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• Plant Development
• Umbrella term for many processes
• Unique features of plant development
• Cell walls cells cant move
• Must grow towards/away from signals

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• Plant Development
• Umbrella term for many processes
• Unique features of plant development
• Cell walls cells cant move must grow instead
• Plasticity plants develop in
• response to environment

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• Unique features of plant development
• Cell walls cells cant move
• Plasticity plants develop in response to
  environment
• Totipotency most plant cells can form an entire
  new plant given the correct signals

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• Unique features of plant development
• Cell walls cells cant move
• Plasticity plants develop in response to
  environment
• Totipotency most plant cells can form an entire
  new plant given the correct signals
• Meristems plants have perpetually embryonic
  regions, and can form new ones

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• Unique features of plant development
• Cell walls cells cant move
• Plasticity plants develop in response to
  environment
• Totipotency most plant cells can form an entire
  new plant given the correct signals
• Meristems plants have perpetually embryonic
  regions, and can form new ones
• No germ line!

22

• Unique features of plant development
• Meristems plants have perpetually embryonic
  regions, and can form new ones
• No germ line! Cells at apical meristem become
• flowers allows Lamarckian evolution!

23

• Unique features of plant development
• Meristems plants have perpetually embryonic
  regions, and can form new ones
• No germ line! Cells at apical meristem become
• flowers allows Lamarckian evolution!
• Different parts of the same 2000 year old tree
  have different DNA form
• different gametes

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• Why are cells so small?
• 1) many things move inside cells by diffusion
• 2) surface/volume ratio
• surface area increases more slowly than volume
• exchange occurs only at surface
• eventually have insufficient exchange for
  survival

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• Plant Cells
• Cell walls
• Carbohydrate barrier
• surrounding cell

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• Plant Cells
• Cell walls
• Carbohydrate barrier
• surrounding cell
• Protects gives cell shape

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• Plant Cells
• Cell walls
• Carbohydrate barrier
• surrounding cell
• Protects gives cell shape
• 1 wall made first
• mainly cellulose

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• Plant Cells
• Cell walls
• Carbohydrate barrier
• surrounding cell
• Protects gives cell shape
• 1 wall made first
• mainly cellulose
• Can stretch!

29

• Plant Cells
• Cell walls
• Carbohydrate barrier
• surrounding cell
• Protects gives cell shape
• 1 wall made first
• mainly cellulose
• Can stretch!
• 2 wall made after growth
• stops

30

• Plant Cells
• Cell walls
• Carbohydrate barrier
• surrounding cell
• Protects gives cell shape
• 1 wall made first
• mainly cellulose
• Can stretch!
• 2 wall made after growth
• stops
• Lignins make it tough

31

• Plant Cells
• Cell walls
• Carbohydrate barrier
• surrounding cell
• Protects gives cell shape
• 1 wall made first
• mainly cellulose
• Can stretch!
• 2 wall made after growth
• stops
• Lignins make it tough
• Problem for "cellulosic
• Ethanol" from whole
• plants

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• Plant Cells
• Cell walls
• 1 wall made first
• 2 wall made after growth
• stops
• Lignins make it tough
• Problem for "cellulosic
• Ethanol" from whole
• plants
• Middle lamella space
• between 2 cells

33

• Plant Cells
• Cell walls
• 1 wall made first
• 2 wall made after growth
• stops
• Middle lamella space
• between 2 cells
• Plasmodesmata gaps in walls
• that link cells

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• Plant Cells
• Plasmodesmata gaps in walls that link cells
• Lined with plasma membrane

35

• Plant Cells
• Plasmodesmata gaps in walls that link cells
• Lined with plasma membrane
• Desmotubule joins ER of both cells

36

• Plant Cells
• Plasmodesmata gaps in walls that link cells
• Lined with plasma membrane
• Desmotubule joins ER of both cells
• Exclude objects gt 1000 Dalton, yet viruses move
  through them!

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Types of Organelles 1) Endomembrane System 2)
Putative endosymbionts
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• Endomembrane system
• Common features
• derived from ER

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• Endomembrane system
• Common features
• derived from ER
• transport is in vesicles

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• Endomembrane system
• Common features
• derived from ER
• transport is in vesicles
• proteins lipids are
• glycosylated

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Endomembrane system Organelles derived from the
ER 1) ER 2) Golgi 3) Vacuoles 4)
Plasma Membrane 5) Nuclear Envelope 6)
Endosome 7) Oleosomes
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ER Network of membranes t/out cell 2 types SER
RER
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• SER
• tubules that lack ribosomes
• fns
• Lipid syn
• Steroid syn
• drug detox
• storing Ca2
• Glycogen
• catabolism

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RER Flattened membranes studded with ribosomes 1
fn protein synthesis -gt ribosomes are making
proteins
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ER SER RER make new membrane!
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GOLGI COMPLEX Flattened stacks of membranes made
from ER
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GOLGI COMPLEX Individual, flattened stacks of
membranes made from ER Fn post office collect
ER products, process deliver them Altered in
each stack
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GOLGI COMPLEX Individual, flattened stacks of
membranes made from ER Fn post office collect
ER products, process deliver them Altered in
each stack Makes most cell wall carbohydrates!
49
GOLGI COMPLEX Individual, flattened stacks of
membranes made from ER Fn post office collect
ER products, process deliver them Altered in
each stack Makes most cell wall
carbohydrates! Proteins address is built in