Parts of Speech Review

1
Parts of Speech Review

• The noun names things boat, wind, wave, idea,
  Anna.
• The pronoun replaces the noun it, he, she.
• The adjective modifies either a noun or pronoun
  rusty, wavy, blue.
• The verb shows action or links sailed, is.
• The adverb modifies the verb quickly, suddenly,
  then.
• The conjunction joins and, but, if, as.
• The preposition shows relationships under,
  before, after, from.
• The interjection shows emotion yes, no, wow,
  oops.

2
Parts of Sentence Review

• The sentence has two sides, a predicate about a
  subject
• Sentence a group of words with a subject and its
  predicate it makes a complete thought. The ship
  sailed away. He stowed the charts.
• Predicate the simple predicate is the verb. If
  the predicate is an action verb, it might have a
  direct object if the predicate is a linking
  verb, it will have a subject complement. The
  marina opened early. I am he.
• Direct Object the noun or object pronoun that
  receives the action of an action verb. Lopez
  closed the porthole. Lopez saw her.
• Indirect Object the noun or object pronoun that
  is located between the action verb and the direct
  object, and that is indirectly affected by the
  action. The captain gave him the nail. The
  captain gave the seaman a kind word.
• Subject Complement a noun, subject pronoun, or
  adjective that is linked to the subject by a
  linking verb, and that complements (makes more
  complete) the subject. It was she. The boat was
  fast.
• Pronoun Rule A subject is a subject and an
  object is an object. For direct object, indirect
  object, and object of preposition use object
  pronouns. For the subject and subject complement,
  use subject pronouns.

3
Phrases

• A phrase is a group of words, but it acts like
  one word, like a single part of speech. It can
  act like an adjective, adverb, or noun!
• Three kinds of phrases
• Prepositional Phrases
• Prepositional phrases always begin with
  prepositions, and they act like modifiers (like
  adjectives or adverbs).
• like an adjective The ship in the canal is
  stuck.
• like an adverb It sailed after sunset.
• Appositive Phrases
• Appositive phrases are interrupting definitions.
  Using commas, they are put (pos) beside (apo)
  what they define. They act like adjectives.
• Roberto, the new sailor, came on board early.
• The canal, an old lake system, was still used by
  ships.

4
Phrases (Cont.)

• Verbal Phrases
• Verbals are verby forms that arent used as
  verbs!
• There are three kinds gerunds, participles, and
  infinitives.
• Gerunds nouns made out of ing verbs.
• sailing is fun
• Participles adjectives made out of verbs.
• Sailing well, the rusty ship headed for the
  island.
• Completely broken, the mast fell over into the
  sea.
• Badly cracked, the red paint peeled off the hull.
• Infinitives a noun or modifier made from the to
  verb form.
• To sail is fun. (noun)
• The man to see is Howard. (adjective)
• He lived to sail. (adverb)
• Note we think of an infinitive as one word. to
  think is considered one word.

5
Prepositional Phrases

• A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition
  that shows the relationship between its object,
  which will be a noun or object pronoun, and some
  other word in the sentence. Prepositional phrases
  are always modifiers. If a prepositional phrase
  is acting as an adjective, it must come
  immediately after the noun or pronoun it
  modifies
• The main hold of the ship needed repairs.
• See how of the ship modifies the noun hold, just
  like an adjective would? The phrase begins with
  the preposition of, and relates its object ship
  to another word in the sentence, hold. If a
  prepositional phrase acts as an adverb, it can
  come in a number of different places, including
  at the beginning of the sentence
• From the start, the trawler led the fleet.
• In this case, from the start modifies the verb
  led. Notice that prepositional phrases do not
  have subjects and predicates. No phrases do. Many
  prepositional phrases will start with a
  preposition, then have an adjective that modifies
  a noun on the deck, prep-adj-n.

6
Know your prepositions

• The key to knowing prepositional phrases and
  identifying prepositional phrases in knowing your
  prepositions. Memorize this list of common
  prepostions.
• aboard before concerning of through
  with
• about behind down off throughout
  within
• above below during on till
  without
• across beneath except onto to
• after beside for out toward
• against besides from outside under
• amid between in over underneath
• among beyond inside past up
• around but into since upon
• as by like such as
• at near

7
Appositive Phrases

• Appositive phrases are called appositives because
  they are apposed. Apposed means put beside, from
  pos (put) and apo (beside). An appositive phrase
  is a graceful way of inserting a quick
  explanation or definition so that your reader
  isnt confused for the rest of the sentence.
• The Franca C, a vintage passenger liner, was in
  port.
• Because appositive phrases are interruptions,
  there is a comma rule for them there should be
  commas before and after the appositive or
  appositive phrase
• Calle del Cristo, the street by the plaza, is
  very beautiful.
• Notice that appositive phrases do not have
  subjects and predicates. Also, there can be a
  one-word appositive it isnt always a phrase
  (group of words), and it still needs two commas
• My old friend, Hernandez, arrived on the
  afternoon ferry.
• On March 10, 1837, the harbor was sunny and calm.
• Veracruz, Mexico, is a seaside town.
• New Orleans, Louisiana, is on the Gulf of Mexico.

8
Verbal Phrases

• Verbals show how creative our minds are. If we
  can take an action verb and make a noun out of it
  somehow, then we can make ideas not just about
  things but also about actions! Verbals arent
  verbs in sentences, but they are still verby
  enough to do some very verby things. For example,
  look at this gerund phrase in which the gerund is
  a noun and the subject of the sentence
• Loading the cargo would take at least three days.
• See the gerund phrase loading the cargo? It is
  acting as the subject of the verb would take.
  Notice that the noun cargo is almost like a
  direct object of some kind. it is receiving the
  action of the gerund loading, just as if the
  gerund were still a verb! When this happens, we
  call it the object of the gerund. You can also
  have of participles and objects of infinitives
• Loading the cargo, the crew worked in to the late
  afternoon.
• To load the cargo is a good days work.
• because a subject is a subject and an object is
  an object, the objects of verbals have to use
  object pronouns. Remember, everything called an
  object must use an object pronoun.
• Finding him and her was the pest part of the
  voyage.
• To find him and her is one of the goals of the
  voyage.

9
Misplaced Modifiers

• One of the dangers of using modifiers is that if
  you put a modifying phrase in the wrong place, it
  will modify the wrong thing! Usually, it modifies
  what you attach it to. For example, in the
  sentence,
• Chewing his gum energetically, a fly flew past
  the captains nose.
• the participial phrase Chewing his gum
  energetically modifies the noun fly because this
  modifier is misplaced the sentence is ridiculous.
  We meant to say that the captain was chewing gum,
  but this sentence means that a fly is chewing gum
  energetically. Better would be
• A fly few past Joness nose as he chewed his gum
  energetically.
• Right the sailor with the long hair ran away
• Wrong The sailor ran away with the long hair.

10
Split Infinitives

• An infinitive like to think, is regarded as one
  word. (A prepositional phrase like to Boston is
  two words.) We should never split the infinitive
  with another word, like to really think.
• Wrong You need to carefully think about that.
• Right You need to think about that carefully.

11
No Subject/Verb Set

• Remember that phrases arent allowed to have
  subjects and verbs in them. Prepositional
  phrases, for example do not. A prepositional
  phrase always begins with a preposition and then
  is often followed by an adjective and a noun. No
  verb! so a phrase isnt a complete idea.

12
Subject/verb disagreement and the intervening
phrase a real disaster!

• Sometimes a phrase or two will come between the
  subject and its predicate in a sentence.
• The ship with the cargo of vegetables sails
  north.
• Here, the subject is ship, and the predicate is
  sailed. What often happens in this situation,
  when the subject is separated from the verb, is
  that we become distracted and mistakenly match
  the verb to the object of the preposition that is
  right next to it instead of matching the verb to
  the faraway subject. When we do this, we get
  disaster
• The ship with the cargo of vegetables sail north.
• This means the vegetables are sailing north, and
  the sentence no longer makes sense! If the
  subject is plural, the verb must be plural too
• ship sails ships sail

13
The verb must ALWAYS agree with the subject in
number (singular or plural), period.

• This is one of the most important rules in
  grammar the problem is not just that if your
  verb disagrees with your subject in number, you
  will be using bad grammar. The problem is if you
  do that, no one will know what you mean. Are you
  saying something about a boat of about some
  boats? If you have a subject/verb disagreement,
  no one will know what you mean. The solution is
  really simple in every sentence, find the real
  subject and verb, match them, and ignore anything
  in between.
• Wrong The boats on the canal is quick.
• Right The boats on the canal are quick.

14
Practice Sentences
Sentence Launching the lifeboat was easy.
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
Sentence The Franca C, an Italian liner, arrived in
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
Sentence Santo Domingo.
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
15
More Practice Sentences
Sentence Feeding the horses was fun.
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
Sentence Mr. Sam, the melancholy baker, swept
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
Sentence the floor.
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
16
More Practice Sentences
Sentence To exaggerate your faults is silly.
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
Sentence Eating the pizza, Roberto laughed at
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
Sentence the dog.
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
17
More Practice Sentences
Sentence The old furniture shop was only open on Saturdays.
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
Sentence The old furniture shop, a former stable,
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
Sentence was at the west end of Front Street.
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
18
More Practice Sentences
Sentence We enjoyed watching the rollers.
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
Sentence Collapsing slowly, the shop needed fixing up,
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
Sentence but the owner did not want to spend the money
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
19
More Practice Sentences
Sentence Well, in a sense, I am he.
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
Sentence The old ship passing northward left a
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
Sentence long wake over the sea.
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
20
More Practice Sentences
Sentence Yes, to be frank, I am he.
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
Sentence To leave harbor in this storm is unwise.
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
21
More Practice Sentences
Sentence Taking the wheel, the captain whispered
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
Sentence to the seaman.
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
Sentence Hernandez gave Ramos, his shipmate, a
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
Sentence map to study.
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
22
More Practice Sentences
Sentence Johnson liked giving orders to the crew.
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
Sentence The old ship passing northward left a
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
Sentence long wake over the sea.
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
23
More Practice Sentences
Sentence Juan Vasquez, the new captain, arrived
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
Sentence at the wharf.
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
Sentence Watching the rollers, Ramon laughed
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
Sentence and leaned on the wall.
Parts of Speech
Parts of Sentence
Phrases
24
Each sentence below has a phrase for you to find.
The phrase may be prepositional, appositive, or
verbal (gerund, participle, infinitive). For each
sentence, underline the phrase and tell what kind
of phrase it is (prepositional, appositive,
gerund, participial, or infinitive).

1. She loved fixing the old ship. _____________
2. His specialty was to find fish quickly.
   _____________
3. Moreno, the venerable cook, kept the galley
   clean. _________
4. Stowing their gear was the crews first task.
   _________
5. A bitter north wind began whipping the waves.
   _______
6. He liked giving the deck hands a break.
   ____________
7. To miss the island was a dangerous
   problem.________

25
Test

• Each sentence below has a phrase for you to find.
  The phrase may be prepositional, appositive, or
  verbal (gerund, participle, infinitive). For each
  sentence, underline the phrase and tell what kind
  of phrase it is (prepositional, appositive,
  gerund, participial, or infinitive).
• The iceberg to land on was the flat one
  ahead._______
• Isaac just lived to sail the Pacific.
  _________________
• Murphy, our new quartermaster, was stern.
  _________
• Cracking noisily, the ice-covered ropes
  glistened. _____
• Restoring old hulls was Karens specialty.
  ___________
• The hardest thing was to think then.
  _______________
• The course to take now was the northern passage.
  ___
• The mast, cracked hopelessly, was ruined.
  __________