Ancient Rome

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Ancient Rome
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Roman Military
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Roman Military

• The army was organized into legions.
• Each legion has 5000 men.
• Each legion has its own leader, its own banner,
  and its own number. Each also had its own
  nickname.
• Each legion was broken into several fighting
  groups known as cohorts of about 480 men.

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Roman Military

• Cohorts were then divided into centuries.
• If a soldier was brave, clever and fought well he
  could become a centurion in charge of 80 ordinary
  soldiers called legionaries. Each troop of about
  80 legionaries was called a century. There were
  59 centuries in a legion and about 30 legions in
  the Roman army. There were also other soldiers
  called auxiliaries who included the cavalry. The
  centuries were divided into contubernium of eight
  men sharing one tent.
• To show the differences in ranks centurions
  carried a special stick to show who they were.
  They used the stick to beat any soldier who
  disobeyed an order. The important centurions also
  wore special armour, which emphasized their rank.
  

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Roman Military

• Eight men One Contubernium
• Ten Contubernium One Century (80 men)
• Two centuries One Maniple (160 men)
• Six Centuries One Cohort (480 men)
• Ten Cohorts A legion (6000 men)

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Roman Military

• A legionary's uniform included a rectangular
  shield, a short sword, a dagger, a metal jacket,
  a belt, a helmet, a kilt, a shirt, and hobnailed
  sandals. The legion wore special hob-nailed
  sandals.
• Their hobnailed sandals were designed to make a
  loud noise as they marched. They were also
  accompanied by trumpets and other noise makers.
  Add the many colorful banners waving above their
  heads, and you can probably understand why an
  approaching legion was an impressive sight and
  sound.  

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Roman Military

• Gaius Marius changed the military from having
  farmers as soldiers to having a standing army.
• Roman soldiers had to be tough. They were
  expected to march 20 miles a day wearing armour.
  They were also expected to carry their own
  shield, some food and camping equipment. They
  were called Marius Mules.
• Soldiers were also trained to fight together.
  They marched into battle in a flexible line with
  their shields next to each other. If the enemy
  shot arrows at them the soldiers in the rows
  behind the front line would lift their shields
  over their heads like a roof to protect them.
  This was called a testudo, which means tortoise.

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Roman Military

• The Roman Army was made up of men from allover
  the Empire, no women were allowed to join. These
  men were professional soldiers whose only job was
  to fight and defend Rome. (Standing Army)
• Initially only property owners such as farmers
  could serve in the army, but from the 1st century
  B.C.onwards anybody could join.
• Each legionary served for 25 years. After
  serving in the ranks, they serves as a verteranus
  (a reserve soldier). If they lived through their
  service, they could retire. They were given land
  and a pension (gratuity fixed sum of money) so
  that they live comfortably. The land they were
  given was located in the provinces. This was very
  clever of Rome. It gave their retired military
  men a place to call home that they would defend.
  This system placed loyal military men all over
  the provinces. 

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The Republic Fails

• Rome needed tax money. The government needed to
  pay the legions, and build roads, sewers,
  aqueducts, and arenas. They needed to pay for the
  welfare program put in place to help feed the
  growing number of poor in Rome. To get this tax
  money, Rome used tax farmers. Tax farmers were
  Romans who paid a flat fee to the Roman Republic
  for the privilege of collecting taxes from a
  territory. To recoup their investment, tax
  farmers levied a tax against every citizen in
  their territory. Tax collectors expected to make
  a profit. Their business was the business of tax
  collection. That was understood. Under this
  system, there were many abuses, as the government
  could not control how each tax farmer runs their
  individual business. There were no rules. A tax
  collector could charge one person almost nothing,
  and charge another person a great deal of tax,
  knowing that person could not pay. If you did not
  pay the taxes you owed, you could be sold into
  slavery. Tax collectors were powerful people
  under the Republic. 

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The Republic Fails

• Under the Republic, elected officials used their
  positions to get rich. To get elected, some
  people were buying votes. The poor were quite
  happy to sell their votes to the highest bidder.
  Under this system, many people were elected to
  office who were poor governors. Graft and
  corruption were rampant. Rome suffered from this.
  Rome had bad government. 

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The Republic Fails

• Under the Republic, Rome did not have a police
  force. Rome's streets were not safe for citizens
  after dark. Crime was everywhere. Wealthy Romans
  hired guards to protect themselves and their
  families. Some build private armies. During
  elections especially, these private armies often
  clashed and fought in the streets. The government
  recognized this problem, but they could not put a
  police force in place because they did not have
  enough money to pay them. 

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First Triumvirate

• Political alliance between Julius Caesar, Pompey
  Crassus. The rule of three men.
• Caesar was a great military leader, who also was
  famous amongst the masses as he spent a lot of
  money in their behalf. He organized spectacular
  public games and gave gifts of food.
• Crassus was a military hero and the richest man
  in Rome
• Pompey was a military hero.
• Caesar held the positions of consul and general

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Julius Caesar

• Julius Caesar was a great general and an
  important leader in ancient Rome. During his
  lifetime, he had held just about every important
  title in the Roman Republic including consul,
  tribune of the people, high commander of the
  army, and high priest (Pontifex Maximus)
• In Gaul, he wrote Commentaries on the Gallic
  Wars, which made him known as a great military
  leader
• While Caesar was fighting in Gaul, Crassus was
  fighting in Persia and was killed. Pompey ruled
  Rome almost as a dictator.
• He suggested new laws, most of which were
  approved by the Senate. He reorganized the army.
  He improved the way the provinces were governed.
  The Romans even named a month after him, the
  month of July for Julius Caesar.

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Julius Caesar

• Julius Caesar told the people that he could solve
  Rome's problems. Certainly, the Republic had
  problems. Crime was everywhere. Taxes were
  outrageous. People were hungry. Many were out of
  work. It was easier to use slaves to do work than
  hire Roman people. The people were angry that
  their government had not been able to solve the
  many problems facing the Republic.

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Julius Caesar

• As Julius Caesar became more powerful, and more
  popular with the people, leaders in the Senate
  began to worry. They were afraid that Julius
  Caesar wanted to take over the government and
  rule Rome as a king. The leaders of ancient Rome
  had vowed that the Roman people would never be
  ruled by a king again. That promise went back
  over 500 years in time, to when the Roman
  Republic first began.

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Julius Caesar

• Caesar was ordered to disband his army and
  resign. Instead we crossed the Rubicon River and
  entered Italy.
• One of the laws of the original Twelve Tables was
  that no general could enter the city with his
  army. Julius Caesar ignored this law.  In 49 BCE,
  he entered Rome with the Roman Legion, and took
  over the government.  The poor people of Rome,
  who made up the bulk of the population, were
  glad. The people called him "father of the
  homeland.  The Senate was furious. 
• Pompey managed to escape to Egypt where he was
  murdered, thus ending the 1st triumvirate.

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Julius Caesar

• Caesar defeated the republican forces. Pompey,
  their leader, fled to Egypt where he was
  assassinated. Caesar followed him and became
  involved with the Egyptian queen, Cleopatra.
• Caesar was now master of Rome and made himself
  consul and dictator.
• He used his power to carry out much-needed
  reform, relieving debt, enlarging the senate,
  building the Forum and revising the calendar.
• Strong leader
• improved lives
• made laws to help the poor
• created new jobs
• gave citizenship to more people

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Julius Caesar

• Dictatorship was always regarded a temporary
  position but in 44 BC, Caesar took it for life.
  His success and ambition alienated the strongly
  republican senators. A group of these, led by
  Cassius and Brutus, assassinated Caesar on the
  Ides (15) of March 44 BCE.

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Spartacus - Gladiator Slave

• Spartacus was born a freeman. He joined the army,
  but he ran away. When he was caught, he was sold
  into slavery to work as a gladiator.  Some
  gladiators were freemen. But most, like
  Spartacus, were slaves, who had been sold to a
  gladiator school. When these men were not
  fighting, they were locked up in the gladiator
  school, to make sure they did not escape.
•   
• One day, in 73 BCE, Spartacus did just that - he
  escaped. Around 70 other gladiators escaped with
  him. They armed themselves with knives from the
  cook's shop. They found a wagon full of gladiator
  weapons. They stole those, too. They camped on
  Mount Vesuvius.  Rome sent an army of 3000
  soldiers to capture the runaway slaves. Spartacus
  attacked from the rear. The Roman army was
  defeated. Rome tried again. This time they sent
  6000 men. Spartacus won that battle as well. 

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Spartacus - Gladiator Slave

• When other slaves first heard that Spartacus had
  escaped, some ran away and joined Spartacus. But
  when Spartacus and his men defeated the Roman
  army, many slaves ran away to join him. The
  people knew Spartacus. He was a gladiator. He was
  famous. Rome's slaves felt if they could reach
  Spartacus, Spartacus would keep them safe. In a
  very short amount of time, Spartacus and his
  followers had swelled from 70 to over 100,000
  people.  
• Rome was terrified. The wealthy Roman way of life
  was dependant upon slaves. That is one reason so
  many poor Roman citizens were out of work. Slave
  labor was free. About 1/3 of the people in the
  Roman Empire were slaves. Wealthy citizens could
  not allow this revolt to succeed, not if they
  wanted to keep their lifestyle. 

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Spartacus - Gladiator Slave

• Catching Spartacus was not easy. Spartacus and
  his followers spent their first winter with
  plenty of good food that they stole from the
  surrounding countryside. They prepared for
  battle. They made weapons. They drilled. The
  gladiators taught others how to fight like a
  gladiator. 
• Spartacus and his followers were hunted for two
  years. They defeated every effort to capture
  them. When Rome finally caught up with him, they
  killed Spartacus and everyone with him.  

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• The ruler of the family was the oldest male. That
  could be the father, the grandfather, or perhaps
  even an uncle. His title was pater familias. The
  pater familias led religious ceremonies, taught
  his sons how to farm, and made all the important
  decisions. This word was law as far as his family
  was concerned. He owned the property, and had
  total authority, the power of life and death,
  over every member of his household. 
• Even when his children became adults, he was
  still the boss. But, he was also responsible for
  the actions of any member of his household. He
  could order a child or an adult out of his house.
  If anyone in his household committed a crime, he
  could be punished for something his family did.
  It was not against the law for the head of the
  house to put a sick baby out to die or to sell
  members of his family into slavery.

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• A women had no legal protection. She was not a
  citizen of Rome. Her job was to take care of the
  house and to have children.  Mothers who could
  read and write taught their children how to read
  and write. She taught her girls how to cook and
  sew and care for a family. But women could leave
  the home to shop or see a play or visit a temple.
  Women who could afford it used slaves to shop and
  cook. Wealthy women could leave the house, but
  spent a large part of their day on personal
  grooming - styling their hair, and dressing
  ornately.

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• Children were trained to obey their elders and be
  loyal citizens. You couldnt talk back. If you
  talked back, you could find yourself out the
  door. You could try to go to a friends house,
  but the odds were good that they would not take
  you in. 
• Some families kept slaves. Slaves were treated
  well, in most cases, because they were property.
  They had food to eat, jobs to do, and clothes to
  wear. But they were not free to look for a better
  family. They were slaves. They were owned.

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Education

• Rome as a Kingdom In early Roman days, kids did
  not go to school. A Roman boy's education took
  place at home. If his father could read and
  write, he taught his son to do the same. The
  father instructed his sons in Roman law, history,
  customs, and physical training, to prepare for
  war. Reverence for the gods, respect for law,
  obedience to authority, and truthfulness were the
  most important lessons to be taught. 
• Girls were taught by their mother. Girls learned
  to spin, weave, and sew. The rich had tutors for
  the children, but mostly, the kids were taught at
  home.   

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Education

• Rome as a Republic About 200 BCE, the Romans
  borrowed some of the ancient Greek system of
  education. Although they did not add many
  subjects, they did begin sending their boys, and
  some of their girls, with their father's
  permission, to school, outside their home, at age
  6 or 7.
• The goal of education in ancient Rome was to be
  an effective speaker. The school day began before
  sunrise, as did all work in Rome. Kids brought
  candles to use until daybreak. There was a rest
  for lunch and the afternoon siesta, and then back
  to school until late afternoon. No one knows how
  long the school year actually was it probably
  varied from school to school. However, one thing
  was fixed. School began each year on the 24th of
  March!
• The children studied reading, writing, and
  counting. They read scrolls and books. They wrote
  on boards covered with wax, and used pebbles to
  do math problems. They were taught Roman
  numerals, and recited lessons they had memorized.
  At age 12 or 13, the boys of the upper classes
  attended "grammar" school, where they studied
  Latin, Greek, grammar, and literature. At age 16,
  some boys went on to study public speaking at the
  rhetoric school, to prepare for a life as an
  orator.

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Clothing

• The very early Romans wore a toga. It looked like
  a white sheet 9 yards long. Togas were arranged
  very carefully, in a stylish way. Togas fell out
  of style rather early. (The toga was
  inconvenient, and people felt the cold when they
  wore it.) To get anyone to wear them, even very
  early emperors had to legislate the wearing of
  togas by at least senators. Eventually, the
  emperors gave up. The Romans switched to
  comfortable tunics, which looked like long
  tee-shirts. They were far more practical. Tunics
  were made of cool linen, for summer wear, and
  warm wool, for winter wear. Sometimes, they worn
  trouser like affairs.

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Clothing

• Roman Men Rings were the only jewelry worn by
  Roman citizen men, and good manners dictated only
  one ring. Of course, some men did not follow
  "good taste", and wore as many as sixteen rings.
  Hairstyles and beards varied with the times. In
  early Roman times, men wore long hair and full
  beards. For a while, they were clean-shaven with
  short hair. About 1c CE, they had started to
  style their hair, and wear beards again. 

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Clothing

• Roman Women Women enjoyed gazing at themselves
  in mirrors of highly polished metal (not glass).
  The ancient Roman women loved ornate necklaces,
  pins, earrings, bracelets and friendship rings.
  Pearls were favorites. Women often dyed their
  hair, usually golden-red. They used false
  hairpieces to make their hair thicker or longer.
  Sometimes, Roman women wore their hair up, in
  carefully arranged styles, held with jeweled
  hairpins. Sometimes they wore it down, curled in
  ringlets. Parasols were used, or women might
  carry fans made of peacock feathers, wood or
  stretched linen. Women's street shoes were made
  of leather, like a man's. In the house, most
  Romans (men and women) wore sandals. Women's
  sandals were brightly colored. Some were even
  decorated with pearls.

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Clothing

• BULLA Children wore a special locket around
  their neck, given to them at birth, called a
  bulla. It contained an amulet as a protection
  against evil and was worn on a chain, cord, or
  strap. Girls wore their bulla until the eve of
  their wedding day, when their bulla was set aside
  with other childhood things, like her toys. Boys
  wore their bulla until they day they became a
  citizen. Boys bullas were put aside and carefully
  saved. A boy's bulla could be wore by the owner
  again, if he won special honors. For example, if
  he became a successful general, and won the honor
  of triumph, he would wear his bulla in ceremonial
  parades, to protect him from the evil jealously
  of men or gods.

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Language

• Romance Language A language that developed in
  an area that had been part of the Roman Empire,
  such as French, Spanish and Italian
• Vernacular Everyday language of the people

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Ennius

• He attempted to provide a year-by-year account of
  Romes developing power.
• This account was called the Annales
• It was in verse to make easier to remember

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Cicero

• Cicero was a famous Roman statesman. He was born
  six years before Julius Caesar. They were in
  politics at the same time. Cicero was from a
  wealthy family. He was educated as a lawyer. He
  served in the Senate. He served as elected
  Consul, the highest position in government under
  the Republic. He was a wonderful speaker. When
  Cicero spoke, people listened. 
• Cicero said about government, "In a kingdom, only
  the king has many rights. Kings can be wise and
  just. But rule by one person can easily become
  tyranny." 

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Cicero

• When Julius Caesar entered the city of Rome with
  his army, and declared himself dictator, Cicero
  said "I see no reason for ... being alarmed
  except the fact that, once departure has been
  made from the law, everything is uncertain and
  nothing can be guaranteed as to the future which
  depends upon another man's will, not to say
  caprice. When Caesar declared himself dictator
  for life, his action was in direction violation
  of the principals of a constitutional republic." 
• The day Julius Caesar was assassinated, Cicero
  was there. But he was not one of Julius Caesar's
  attackers.

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Cicero

• Cicero lived at time when Rome was changing from
  a constitutional republic to a dictatorship,
  ruled by emperors. Cicero fought in the way he
  knew best, with words and speeches, about the
  importance of keeping a constitutional
  government. His words did not fall on dead ears,
  but the Senate had lost nearly all its power.  
• As the transition continued, and Rome became
  ruled by an all-powerful emperor, Cicero had to
  flee Rome. He ran for his life. But he was
  captured by the emperor's forces, and killed.  
• His legacy of writings tell us a great deal about
  ancient Roman government and daily life. Cicero's
  words are still powerful today, just as they were
  two thousand years ago. 

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• In the 500 years Rome was an Empire, there were
  over 140 different emperors!Some emperors were
  good. Some emperors were bad. Some were just
  plain crazy. 

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Second Triumvirate

• Alliance between Octavian (Caesars adopted son),
  Marc Antony Lepidus
• They divided up the republic
• Octavian took the West
• Antony took the East
• Lepidus took Africa
• Octavian attacked Antony in the Battle of Actium.
  Antony had befriended Cleopatra, who Rome did
  not trust
• Antony Cleopatra fled and committed suicide.

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Augustus

• Caesars grand-nephew, Octavian, became dictator
  in 27 B.C. He changed his name to Augustus,
  meaning respected one or revered one.
• Augustus was the first true emperor of Rome. He
  was given the title Princeps, which means 1st
  citizen or first amongst equals. The Augustan
  period is known as the Principate.
• Under the leadership of Augustus, the following
  things were accomplished
• laws were passed giving citizens more rights
• Romans were the first people to take a census
• (a count of the countrys people)
• - A professional army, divided into large
  groups
• called legions, was established
• Roads were built
• New government buildings (basilicas), temples,
  libraries, and public
• - baths were built.
• The aqueduct system (a system to carry water from
  place to place) was constructed.
• Created a group of firefighters known as vigils,
  who were freed slaves

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An Ancient Roman Epic - The Aeneid

• The heroic deeds of Prince Aeneas are wonderfully
  told in the ancient story of the Aeneid, written
  by the great Roman poet, Virgil (official poet of
  the Emperor Augustus). It was written around 30
  BCE. 
• The story takes place in the years between the
  fall of Troy and the founding of Rome by Romulus
  and Remus, twin sons of the war god Mars. It
  tells what happened to the survivors of the city
  of Troy. It was written, in part, to justify
  Rome's right to expand her empire.

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Horace

• Was a poet who used his gifts to applaud the
  benefits of peace, Augustan rule and the Roman
  supremacy.
• He wrote Odes.

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• Augustus, the first Roman emperor, ruled for 45
  years. It was during the reign of Augustus that
  people got used to being ruled by one leader.
  Rome went on to greatness under the Empire, but
  the Roman Republic was no more.
• For 45 years, Rome was at peace. This period is
  the beginning of the Pax Romana, or Roman Peace.
  The phrase "Roman Peace" is a bit misleading. The
  Romans continued to expand their empire during
  this period. They did not always do so
  peacefully. Things were not always peaceful in
  the city of Rome. Rome did not always have the
  best leadership. Some emperors were very cruel.
  Some were insane. But the empire continued to be
  stable. For around 200 years, the Roman Empire
  was united.
• The Romans were great builders. Many of their
  incredible buildings and engineering projects
  were constructed during this period of relative
  peace. Culture and literature flourished. Much of
  Greek culture was adopted during this period.

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Emperors

• Caligula Declared himself a god and tried to
  have his horse made a senator
• Claudius Became an excellent ruler following
  Caligulas death and was chosen by the Praetorian
  Guard (A special palace guard who policed Rome.)
• Vespasian Changed the system of hereditary
  succession to the throne. As the emperor before
  him, Nero, had no heirs.
• Marcus Aurelius Had a humanitarian approach to
  government, which helped unify the empire.
• Theodosius Last Roman Emperor

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Nero

• There are many stories and legends about Emperor
  Nero. Most are not very pleasant. Nero was not
  the first insane emperor in office. But he was
  certainly one of the most famous. 
• Nero did not go insane all at once. Rather, he
  went insane slowly. As time went on, his behavior
  became more and more odd, and then more and more
  murderous. He murdered his own mother and wife
  and poisoned Caligulas son.
• It was rumored that he started the great fire in
  Rome. He blamed the Christians and ordered many
  of them to be tied to poles and set on fire to
  light his party.
• He spent most of his time staging plays and
  musical events.
• The leaders of Rome in the Senate wanted to do
  something about it, but they were afraid. It was
  not until Nero ordered some of the members of the
  Senate to kill themselves that they finally took
  action. The Senate ordered Nero's immediate
  execution. When Nero heard about it, he killed
  himself.

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Trajan Hadrian

• Trajan was the first Roman emperor who was not
  from Italy. He was Spanish. He was a great
  conqueror. Under his rule, the empire grew and
  covered more geography than at any other time.
• Hadrian was Trajans adopted son.
• He consolidated the Empire by taking making many
  trips across the empire.
• His famous monuments are
• Villa at Tivoli
• Hadrians wall
• The Pantheon

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Villa at Tivoli
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Hadrians wall
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The Grand Pantheon

• The Grand Pantheon was a temple first built in
  the very early days of the Roman Empire. It was
  dedicated to all the Roman gods. The Romans used
  concrete (an ancient Roman invention) to build
  the dome of the Pantheon, which even today is
  still one of the largest single-span domes in the
  world. The construction of this building greatly
  influenced western architecture. 

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Pantheon
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The Baths

• The Public Baths were extremely popular. Roman
  women and men tried to visit the baths at least
  once every day. The baths had hot and cold pools,
  towels, slaves to wait on you, steam rooms,
  saunas, exercise rooms, and hair cutting salons.
  They had reading rooms and libraries, as among
  the freeborn, who had the right to frequent
  baths, the majority could read.  They even had
  stores, selling all kinds of things, and people
  who sold fast food. The baths were arranged
  rather like a very large mall, with bathing
  pools.
• The baths were packed. The people loved them. At
  one time, there were as many as 900 public baths
  in ancient Rome. Small ones held about 300
  people, and the big ones held 1500 people or
  more! Some Roman hospitals even had their own
  bathhouses. A trip to the bath was a very
  important part of ancient Roman daily life.

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Thermae (Baths)
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Aqueducts

• a system to carry water from place to place

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Improvements under the Empire

• Many things changed. Although the Senate met and
  argued, and had advisory power, the real power
  was now in the hands of an all-powerful emperor.
  The Roman people would never have accepted a
  king. However, they seemed to have no problem
  accepting the leadership of a dictator, who
  called himself an emperor. Under Augustus, the
  first Roman emperor, the people got used to being
  ruled by one leader.
• Other changes included   
• Establishment of Public Health Programs The
  government created new public health programs.
  One program distributed free bread to workmen on
  their way to work in the morning. 

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Improvements under the Empire

• Reduction in Crime Under the empire, the Roman
  legionnaires policed Rome's streets. They worked
  in small groups. They could quickly band together
  in large groups as necessary. Their hob-nailed
  sandals made quite a loud sound on Rome's
  cobblestone streets. When criminals heard the
  legionaries approaching, they typically
  scattered. The legionaries were armed and well
  trained.
• Improvements for Women Life was very different
  for women during the Empire than it was under the
  Republic. During the Empire, it was legal for
  women to own land, run businesses, free slaves,
  make wills, inherit wealth, and get a paid job.
  Women could even use the public baths. There were
  separate hours for men and women, but women were
  allowed inside. These were all new privileges. 

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Improvements under the Empire

• Public Theatre Under the empire, Rome built huge
  theatres. Plays were no longer performed only in
  the Forum. Admission was free.
• Free Spectacles The government constructed other
  huge public buildings and improved open-air
  facilities. These were used to host  events
  called spectacles. Chariot racing was held in the
  Circus Maximus. The Colosseum hosted the
  gladiator games. Admission to spectacles was
  free.

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Amphitheatres

• Amphi-theatres are "theatres in the round"
  amphi- means "around" in Greek.
• An amphitheatre is for action it's a sports
  arena, where the spectators sit around the field.
  They need to see, but they don't really need to
  hear, so an amphitheatre can be much larger.

57
The Colosseum

• The Colosseum was a huge public entertainment
  center. The Colosseum could seat 50,000
  spectators. Some people were not lucky enough to
  have a seat in the Colosseum. If you didn't mind
  standing, the Colosseum could hold up to 70,000
  spectators! This is where the ancient Romans
  gathered to watch bloody combat between
  gladiators, and battles between men and wild
  animals. This is where they threw people to the
  lions! To see men being killed was very
  entertaining to the ancient Romans. On occasion,
  they flooded the Colosseum with water, to hold
  naval battles. During the battles, many
  competitors died. 
• The ancient Romans were great builders. They
  built things to last. The Colosseum was built of
  concrete, faced with stone, as were most
  amphitheaters. It was built in the early days of
  the Roman Empire, around 70 CE. It was designed
  to host huge spectacles.  Anyone could attend the
  events in the Colosseum. Admission was free. 

58
Gladiators

• Roman gladiators were trained in mortal combat, a
  form of public entertainment in ancient Rome.
• The word gladiator comes from the Latin word
  gladius (sword).
• Wealthy or important Romans often asked for
  funeral games to be held in their honor.
• The popularity of the games grew and spread
  throughout the Roman empire. Eventually
  gladiatorial games became lavish public
  entertainments, especially after the Coliseum in
  Rome opened
• Roman gladiators were usually convicted
  criminals, slaves, or prisoners of war.
• Many gladiators came from the lands Rome had
  conquered.

59
Gladiators

• Some gladiators who managed to survive the fierce
  fighting became famous or even wealthy.
• Men of the very lowest social rank sometimes
  bound themselves to the owner of a gladiator
  troupe, enduring branding, chains, flogging, and
  brutality at the hands of their masters to become
  gladiators.
• Gladiators went through intense training and were
  taught complex moves so they could better
  entertain the audience.
• Gladiators were supposed to fight to the death,
  but if they fought extremely well the crowd could
  decide to spare both fighters. The crowd voted by
  showing thumbs up or thumbs down although
  whether or not thumbs up meant life has not
  been verified. Sometimes gladiators won prize
  money.
• At a large event there could be hundreds of
  gladiators. In the Coliseum, the audience could
  be as large as 50,000 people.

60
Gladiators

• After other entertainments in the morning, such
  as hunting wild animals and
• the execution of criminals, gladiators would
  enter the arena. They would approach the emperor
  and proclaim, Ave, Imperator, morituri te
  salutamus (Hail, Emperor, we who are about to
  die, salute you).
• As Christianity spread and the power of the Roman
  Empire declined, the appeal of the games
  diminished.
• In 326 C.E. Constantine began the process of
  abolishing gladiator games. In 400 C.E. Emperor
  Honorius banned gladiators forever.

61
Circus Maximus

• The ancient Romans loved chariot racing. In early
  Roman times, young nobles used to race their
  chariots around the 7 hills of Rome. People had
  to scatter to get out of the way. They stopped
  for no one.
• In the 6c BCE (about 2,500 years ago!), the
  ancient Romans built the Circus Maximus in the
  city of Rome. Basically, the Maximus was a race
  track. It was designed to race chariots. Women
  could attend the races. They could sit with men.
  That was very unusual.
• The original Circus Maximus was built out of
  wood. It burnt down a couple of times. During the
  Roman Empire, the Circus Maximus was rebuilt
  using marble and concrete (an ancient Roman
  invention!). 
• The Circus Maximus was not the only circus in
  the Roman Empire. The Romans built circuses,
  outdoor racetracks, all over the Empire. The
  Circus Maximus was the most well known race
  track. It could seat over 250,000 people!
  Admission was free. Anyone could attend the
  races, including Rome's poor. There were races
  every day. It was the height of success to race
  in the Circus Maximus. 

62
Pompeii

•  Pompeii was an ancient Roman city, buried by a
  volcanic eruption. 2000 years later,
  archaeologists uncovered the city.  The people in
  ancient Pompeii did not have a chance to escape.
  The city had been quickly buried by volcanic
  ash.  When archaeologists dug out the city, two
  thousand years later, they found petrified bread
  still in the ovens that had been baking that day.
  Archaeologists learned a great deal from the
  ruins of this ancient city because it had been so
  well preserved. 

63
Tacitus

• Romes Greatest Historian
• He was financial minister, elected Praetor,
  consulship
• His major works were the Histories and the
  Annals.
• He set the standard for historical research and
  writing for the rest of the Western Roman Empire.
• He believed that it was the historians job to get
  to the objective truth and not have bias.

64
Julia Domna

• She became a formidable empress
• After her husbands death, she unsuccessful
  supported her son, Geta, to become emperor.
• Although Geta was removed from office, she played
  an influential role in politics and
  administration of the empire.
• She was given the title of Mother of the Senate
  and of the Fatherland.

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66
Slavery

• Rome slaves were 1/3 of the population
• Slaves were used in almost every aspect of human
  activity builders, gladiators etc.
• Lowest order of slaves were the outside workers
• Highest order of slaves worked inside
• Manumission is when a slave can buy their own
  freedom or a deceased owners will frees them.

67
Diocletian

• Promoted to Emperor by his fellow soldiers in the
  Praetorian Guard.
• Divided the empire into 2 parts East and West

68
The Roman Empire is Split into Two Pieces

• Because of the well-built Roman roads the success
  of the legionnaires and the leadership of Rome's
  more able emperors and generals, the Roman Empire
  grew to enormous proportions. It was huge!
• It covered most of Europe, most of North Africa,
  and some of Asia. That created problems. 
• One problem was that it was getting difficult to
  manage the empire effectively. Word went out from
  Rome, but the provinces did not always do what
  they were told. Rome seemed very far away to the
  people in the provinces. 

69
The Roman Empire is Split into Two Pieces

• Another big problem was that the provinces were
  putting a great financial strain on Rome. Taxes
  and trade goods from the provinces were pouring
  into Rome, but supplies to support the provinces
  were also pouring out. Money was needed to build
  new roads, to support the legionnaires, and to
  enable more growth. Rome needed more growth
  because they needed new regions to tax, to refill
  Rome's treasury.  
• When the old emperor died, the army selected
  General Diocletian to be the new emperor of
  Rome.  One of the first things Emperor Diocletian
  did was to put price controls in place to help
  stop inflation. He created a law that stated if
  you charged more than the price limit, you could
  be killed. The punishment for breaking any of his
  laws was quite severe. 

70
The Roman Empire is Split into Two Pieces

• After some thought, Emperor Diocletian decided
  the only thing to do with Rome was to split the
  empire in half. That way, it would be easier to
  manage. This created two Roman empires - the
  Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman
  Empire. Each side had a ruler in charge of
  it. But the ruler who was in charge of Rome was
  the senior ruler. 
• The Western Roman Empire (Europe/North Africa)
  included the city of Rome. 
• The Eastern Roman Empire (Turkey/parts of Asia)
  included the city of Byzantium.  
• Rather than rule Rome, Diocletian chose to rule
  the Eastern Roman Empire. He placed a good friend
  in charge of Rome. Before he left town, Emperor
  Diocletian moved a great deal of Rome's money
  over to the Eastern Roman Empire. He left Rome
  forever.

71
Constantine

• Constantine Constantine was the first Christian
  Roman emperor. 
• He lived in the Eastern Roman Empire, and chose
  his capital to be the small town Byzantium, which
  he renamed Constantinople.
• The western side of the empire, which included
  the city of Rome, became less and less important
  to the Eastern Roman Empire. Byzantium was
  located in a perfect position to trade with the
  east and the west. Rather than send traded goods
  onto to Rome, Constantine kept most of the goods
  in his own half of the empire. As well, he pulled
  monies from Rome to support and build
  Constantinople.

72
Rise of Christianity

• During the first century CE, a new religion took
  hold in Rome. It was called Christianity. The
  followers of Christianity were called Christians.
  Christians believed in one god. They refused to
  worship the Roman gods. In ancient Rome, that was
  against the law. Christians were hunted as
  criminals.  
• In spite of persecution, Christians grew in
  numbers rapidly. Christians actively looked for
  converts. They told others about the benefits of
  being Christian. Christians came from every walk
  of life in ancient Rome, but Christianity had
  great appeal to Rome's poor.  
• Life After Death Christianity promised life
  after death in heaven. In the Roman religion,
  only gods went to heaven. Emperors were
  considered gods. Everyone else went to the
  underworld. 
• Equality Christianity promised equal
  opportunity. You had to be born into the
  nobility. You could join Christianity and be
  equally a Christian.

73
Rise of Christianity

• After nearly 300 years of persecution, in 313 CE,
  Emperor Constantine ruled that Christianity was
  legal and that Christians would no longer be
  persecuted for their beliefs. This does not mean
  that Rome finally had religious freedom. It meant
  only that it now legal to worship Roman gods or
  to be Christian. Every other religion was still
  illegal. The lack of religious freedom in ancient
  Rome contributed to the fall of the Roman
  Empire. 

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75
Valens The Barbarians

• Valens tried to be a good emperor, but he
  inherited a great many problems. By the time he
  took over, Rome was just about broke. Some of
  Rome's wealth had been spent in warfare. Some had
  been spent on the development of Constantinople,
  the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. And much
  had been wasted by the outlandish behavior of
  some of Rome's less able rulers. 
• Without money to use for repairs, the famous
  Roman roads started to fall into disrepair.
  Without good roads, fresh supplies of men and
  goods did not always reach the far ends of the
  empire. Nor were needed goods getting back to
  Rome. Barbarian tribes had always raided the
  Roman Empire. These days, barbarian raids on the
  provinces were becoming more successful.
• In ancient Rome, a barbarian was the name given
  to any people who lived outside the borders of
  the Roman Empire. You were also called a
  barbarian if you did not speak Latin.

76
Valens The Barbarians

• There were five main barbarian tribes in Europe.
  Each wanted to conquer the famous Roman Empire.
  These tribes were the Huns, Franks, Vandals,
  Saxons, and Visigoths. They were all attacking
  various pieces of the Western Roman Empire at the
  same time. Forts and strongholds along the road
  were destroyed. There were few cities in the
  outlying regions of the empire, but those that
  existed were attacked.  
• Rather than try to defend against all the
  barbarian tribes who had turned their eyes on
  Rome, Emperor Valens tried to turn one barbarian
  tribe against another. Since the barbarian tribes
  rarely got along anyway, it was a smart thing to
  do. Valens went one step further. He believed
  that if he could get some of the barbarians
  working for him, he might be able to restore
  order.

77
Valens The Barbarians

• Valens allowed a fierce and battle-strong
  barbarian tribe, the Visigoths (Goths), to settle
  in the Danube region of the Western Roman Empire.
  He promised these settlers that Rome would help
  with food and shelter, provided they helped by
  keeping order in their section of the empire. 
• When Valens did not keep his promises, the
  Visigoths rebelled. It was the beginning of the
  end of the Western Roman Empire. The Western
  Roman Empire finally fell in the year 476 CE.

78
Valens The Barbarians

• When people say "Rome fell", they mean the
  Western Roman Empire. The Western Roman Empire,
  pictured to the right in dark gold, included the
  city of ancient Rome. The Western Roman Empire
  fell into the Dark Ages in 476 CE.
• The Eastern Roman Empire, pictured in green
  below, with its capital Constantinople, continued
  for another thousand years. 

79
Review of the Fall of Rome

• 476 AD FALL OF ROME 
• Rome had quite a run. First a monarchy, then a
  republic, then an empire all roads led to Rome
  for over 1200 years.
• In the Mediterranean, Rome was in charge.
• During the Imperial period, Rome had some
  wonderful emperors. Rome also suffered from a
  series of bad, corrupt and just plain crazy
  emperors.
• There were lots of reasons why Rome fell. 

80
Review of the Fall of Rome

• Problems towards the end of the Empire included
• The empire was too large to govern effectively.
• The army was not what it used to be. There was
  corruption in the military - dishonest generals
  and non-Roman soldiers.
• Civil wars broke out between different political
  groups.
• Emperors were often selected by violence, or by
  birth, so the head of government was not always a
  capable leader.
• The increased use of slaves put many Romans out
  of work
• The rich became lazy and showed little interest
  in trying to solve Rome problems.
• The poor were overtaxed and overworked. They were
  very unhappy.
• Prices increased, trade decreased.
• The population was shrinking due to starvation
  and disease. That made it difficult to manage
  farms and government effectively.
• The Empire starting shrinking. The Huns,
  Visigoths, Franks, Vandals, Saxons and other
  barbarian tribes overran the empire.

81
Review of the Fall of Rome

• The ancient Romans tried to solve some of their
  problems by splitting the Roman Empire in half,
  hoping that would make the empire easier to
  manage. Each side had an emperor, but the emperor
  in charge was the emperor of the western half,
  the half that included the city of Rome. 
• The Western Roman Empire did not do well. Instead
  of getting stronger, they became weaker. By 400
  AD, it was pretty much over. The Huns, Franks,
  Vandals, Saxons, Visigoths any of these
  barbarian tribes might have been the group that
  finally brought Rome down. They were all
  attacking various pieces of the Western Roman
  Empire. In 476 AD, the Visigoths sacked Rome.
  Europe entered the Dark Ages. 
• The eastern half of the Roman Empire received a
  new name the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantine
  Empire did fine. It lasted for another 1000
  years!