Agenda

1
Agenda

• Morris LeBlanc CMC
• Project update
• CSCW
• Ubicomp

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Part 3 Presentation next week

• 15 minutes each (including questions)
• Load slides onto swiki
• Motivation
• Requirements
• learning from users
• Design
• learning from prototyping
• Evaluation
• Conclusions
• QA

3
Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)

• Thinking about groups, collaboration, and
  communication

4
CSCW

• Computer Supported Cooperative Work
• HCI connotations CSCW
• individual use
• psychology

5
CSCW

• Study how people work together as a group and how
  technology affects this
• Support the social processes of work, whether
  co-located or distributed
• Support the social processes of a group of people
  communicating or collaborating in any situation

6
Examples

• Awareness of people in your family, community,
  workplace...
• Mobile communication
• Online discussions, blogs
• Sharing photos, stories, experiences
• Recommender systems
• Playing games

7
Groupware

• Software specifically designed
• to support group working or playing
• with cooperative requirements in mind
• NOT just tools for communication
• Groupware can be classified by
• when and where the participants are working
• the function it performs for cooperative work
• Specific and difficult problems with groupware
  implementation

8
The Time/Space Matrix

• Classify groupware by
• when the participants are working, at the same
  time or not
• where the participants are working, at the same
  place or not
• Common names for axes time synchronous/asynch
  ronous place co-located/remote

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Time/Space Matrix Examples
Time
Synchronous
Asynchronous
Co-located
Place
Remote
10
A More-fleshed Out Taxonomy
A typical space/time matrix (after Baecker,
Grudin, Buxton, Greenberg, 1995, p.742)
11
Styles of Systems

• Computer-mediated communication
• Meeting and decision support systems
• Shared applications and tools

12
Computer-mediated Communication (CMC) Aids

• Examples
• Email, Chats, virtual worlds
• Desktop videoconferencing -- Examples
• CUSee-Me
• MS NetMeeting
• SGI InPerson

13
Food for thought

• Why arent videophones more popular?
• How and when do you use Instant Messaging? How
  does this differ from email?
• What communication technology do you still want?

14
Meeting and Decision Support Systems

• Examples
• Corporate decision-support conference room
• Provides ways of rationalizing decisions, voting,
  presenting cases, etc.
• Concurrency control is important
• Shared computer classroom/cluster
• Group discussion/design aid tools

15
Shared Applications and Tools

• Shared editors, design tools, etc.
• Want to avoid locking and allow multiple people
  to concurrently work on document
• Requires some form of contention resolution
• How do you show what others are doing?
• Food for thought
• What applications do you use concurrently with
  someone else? Why? Do they work?
• What applications would you want to use
  concurrently with someone else? Why?

16
Social Issues

• People bring in different perspectives and views
  to a collaboration environment
• Goal of CSCW systems is often to establish some
  common ground and to facilitate understanding and
  interaction

17
Turn Taking

• There are many subtle social conventions about
  turn taking in an interaction
• Personal space, closeness
• Eye contact
• Gestures
• Body language
• Conversation cues
• How is turn taking handled in IM?

18
Geography, Position

• In group dynamics, the physical layout of
  individuals matters a lot
• Power positions
• How can you tell power in a videoconference?

19
Awareness

• What is happening?
• Who is there? e.g. IM buddy list
• What has happened and why?
• How do you use awareness in IM?
• What other systems have awareness?

20
Groupware implementation

• Often more complicated
• feedback and network delays
• architectures for groupware
• feedthrough and network traffic
• robustness and scaling

21
Groupware Challenges (Grudin)

• Who does work vs. who gets benefit
• The system may require extra effort for people
  not really receiving benefit
• Critical mass
• Need enough people before system is successful

Groupware and Social Dynamics Eight Challenges
for Developers By Jonathan Grudin (now at
Microsoft) http//www.ics.uci.edu/grudin/Papers/C
ACM94/cacm94.html
22
More Grudin challenges

• Social, political, and motivational factors
• Outside factors can affect system success
• No standard procedures
• Many procedures and exceptions when it comes to
  groups interacting

Groupware and Social Dynamics Eight Challenges
for Developers By Jonathan Grudin (now at
Microsoft) http//www.ics.uci.edu/grudin/Papers/C
ACM94/cacm94.html
23
More Grudin challenges

• Infrequent features
• How often do we actually use groupware anyway?
• Solution add groupware features to existing
  individual software
• Need to manage deployment and acceptance

Groupware and Social Dynamics Eight Challenges
for Developers By Jonathan Grudin (now at
Microsoft) http//www.ics.uci.edu/grudin/Papers/C
ACM94/cacm94.html
24
Evaluation

• Evaluating the usability and utility of CSCW
  tools is quite challenging
• Need more participants
• Logistically difficult
• Apples - oranges
• Often use field studies and ethnographic
  evaluations to assist

Groupware and Social Dynamics Eight Challenges
for Developers By Jonathan Grudin (now at
Microsoft) http//www.ics.uci.edu/grudin/Papers/C
ACM94/cacm94.html
25
Recommendations

• Add group features to existing apps
• Benefit all group members
• Start with niches were application is highly
  needed
• Consider evaluation and adoption early
• Expect and plan for development and evaluation to
  take longer

26
Example TeamSpace

• Distributed meeting recording and access system
• Web interface groups had workspace, required
  username to log in
• Capture interface distributed, real time system
• Access interface individual review

27
TeamSpace issues

• Implementation was tough!
• Responsiveness important, but then how to handle
  message delivery and conflicts?
• What to do when network goes down?
• Debugging was very difficult
• Whole group had to agree to be recorded
• One person needed to record, then all could
  review
• Infrequently used easy to forget it was there
• Required log in hard to just try out the system
• Good evaluation required adoption, which required
  all of the above

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Ubiquitous Computing

• Computers everywhere

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Ubiquitous Computing (Ubicomp)

• Move beyond desktop machine
• Computing is embedded everywhere in the
  environment
• A new paradigm??
• off the desktop, out of the box, pervasive,
  invisible, wearable, calm, anytime/anywhere/any
  place,

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Ubicomp Notions

• Computing capabilities, any time, any place
• Invisible resources
• Machines sense users presence and act accordingly

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Some videos

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?veXuXBROyV-gfeature
  related
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vmuibPAUvOXkfeature
  related

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Marc Weiser The father of ubicomp

• Chief Technologist Xerox PARC
• Began Ubiquitous Computing Project in 1988
• 1991 Scientific American article got the ball
  rolling

http//www.ubiq.com/hypertext/weiser/SciAmDraft3.h
tml
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Ubicomp is ...

• Related to
• mobile computing
• wearable computing
• augmented reality
• In contrast with
• virtual reality

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HCI Themes in Ubicomp

• Some of the themes
• Natural interaction
• Context-aware computing
• Automated capture and access
• Everyday computing

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How does interaction change?

• More natural and situated dialogue
• Speech audio
• Gesture
• Pen
• Tangible UIs
• Distributed ambient displays
• Plus sensed context
• and actuating physical objects

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Distributed Displays

• The Everywhere Display Project at IBM

Dynamic Shader Lamps virtual painting on real
objects http//www.cs.unc.edu/raskar/Shaderlamps/
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Ambient Displays

• The Information Percolator
• http//www-2.cs.cmu.edu/hudson/bubbles/
• Ambient Orb
• http//www.ambientdevices.com/

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Peripheral Displays
Kimura
Digital Family Portrait
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One take on scales

• Based on ownership and location
• body
• desk
• room
• building

From the GMD Darmstadt web site on I-Land
40
What is Context?

• Any information that can be used to characterize
  the situation of an entity
• Who, what, where, when
• Why is it important?
• information, usually implicit, that applications
  do not have access to
• Its input that you dont get in a GUI

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Example Location services

• Outdoor
• Global Positioning Satellites (GPS)
• wireless/cellular networks
• Indoor
• active badges, electronic tags
• vision
• motion detectors, keyboard activity

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How to Use Context

• To present relevant information to someone
• Mobile tour guide
• To perform an action automatically
• Print to nearest printer
• To show an action that user can choose
• Want to phone the number in this email?

43
Context-aware scenarios

• Walk into room, lights, audio, etc. adjust to the
  presence of people
• Communication between people (intercoms, phones,
  etc. ring to room with person)
• Security, emergency calls based on people in the
  home
• Monitor health, alert when needed

44
Automated capture and access

• Use of computers to preserve records of the live
  experience for future use (Abowd Mynatt 2000)
• Points of consideration
• capture needs to be natural
• user access is important
• details of an experience are recorded as streams
  of information

45
Capture access applications

• Compelling applications
• Design records
• Evidence based care
• Everyday communication
• Family memories
• Annotations
• Fusion, indexing, summarization

46
Example Personal Audio Loop
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Designing for Everyday Activities

• No clear beginning or end
• Closure vs. flexibility and simplicity
• Interruption is expected
• Design for resumption
• Concurrent activities
• Monitoring for opportunity
• Time is important discriminator
• Interpret events
• Associative models needed
• Reacquire information from multiple pts of view

48
Technical Challenges

• Connectivity almost constant
• How to gracefully handle changes?
• Sensing
• How to gather useful info? (i.e. location?)
• Integration and analysis of data
• How to recognize activity and recover when
  incorrect?
• How to function at acceptable speeds?
• Scale both in information and size of displays

49
Challenge of Evaluation

• Bleeding edge technology
• Novelty
• Unanticipated uses
• Quantitative metrics
• Variety of social implications/issues

50
Social issues

• Privacy who has access to data?
• How do we make users aware of what technology is
  present?
• Differing perspectives and opinions
• Jane likes that the environment is aware she is
  present, but John doesnt