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THE BIOSPHERE Ch. 3 p.62-83

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Title: THE BIOSPHERE Ch. 3 p.62-83


1
THE BIOSPHERECh. 3 p.62-83
2
What is Ecology?
  • Study of interactions between organisms and
    between organisms and their environment.

Ernst Haeckel coined term Ecology in
1866 Greek word oikos means house Natures
housescome in many sizes
3
Levels of Organization
  • Ecologist study organisms ranging from the
    various levels of organization
  • Species
  • Population
  • Community
  • Ecosystem
  • Biome
  • Biosphere

4
Organism
Species
  • Group of similar organisms that can breed and
    produce fertile offspring

5
Population
Population
  • group of organisms, all of the same species,
    which interbreed and live in the same area.

6
Community
Community
  • an assemblage of different populations that live
    together

7
Ecosystem
Ecosystem
  • Collection of organisms that live in a place with
    the nonliving environment

8
Ecosystem
Biome
  • Group of ecosystems with the same climate and
    dominant commuties

9
Ecosystem
Biosphere
  • The part of the earth where life exists including
    land, water, air, and atmosphere

10
Three Ecological Methods of Study
  • Observing
  • What species live here?
  • How many individuals of species are there?
  • Experimenting
  • Used to test a hypothesis
  • Ex - making artificial environments in the lab
  • Modeling
  • Making models to gain insight into complex
    phenomena
  • Ex. - Global warming

11
Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs
  • Autotrophs make their own food so they are
    called PRODUCERS
  • Heterotrophs get their food from another source
    so they are called CONSUMERS

12
Two Main forms of Energy for Autotrophs
  • Sunlight
  • The main source of energy for life on earth
  • Photosynthesis
  • Chemical
  • Some organisms such as bacteria, rely on the
    energy stored in inorganic compounds
  • Chemosynthesis

13
Types of Consumers
Omnivores Eat plants and meat
Herbivores- only eat plants
Carnivores - only eat meat
Detritivores and Decomposers Feeds on plant and
animal remains
14
How does Energy flow through an Ecosystem?
  • Energy flows through an ecosystem in ONE
    direction,
  • sun or chemicals
  • Autotrophs
  • heterotrophs

15
Energy Flow in Ecosystems
16
Feeding Relationships
  • Food Chain steps of organisms transferring
    energy by eating being eaten
  • Food Web network of all the food chains in an
    ecosystem

17
Food Web
18
Ecological Pyramids
  • Trophic Level each step in a food chain or food
    web

Biomass Pyramid
Energy Pyramid
Pyramid of Numbers
19
Pyramid of Numbers -relative number of
individuals at each trophic level
20
Pyramid of Biomass - amount of potential food
available for each trophic level
21
Pyramid of Energy - amount of energy available at
each trophic level
  • Only 10 of the energy from each trophic level is
    passed on to the next level
  • Most of the energy is used by the organisms for
    life processes
  • Some of the energy is lost as heat

22
How does Matter move through an ecosystem?
  • Unlike the one way flow of energy, matter is
    recycled within between ecosystems
  • Nutrients are passed between
  • organisms the environment through
    biogeochemical cycles
  • Biogeochemical Cycles
  • Bio life
  • Geo Earth
  • Chemo chemical
  • WATER CYCLE
  • NUTRIENT CYCLES
  • CARBON CYCLE
  • NITROGEN CYCLE
  • PHOSPHORUS CYCLE

23
Why are nutrients important ?
  • Every living organism needs nutrients to build
    tissues and carry out essential life functions.
  • 95 of your body is made of
  • OXYGEN
  • CARBON
  • HYDROGEN
  • NITROGEN

24
Availibility of nutrients
  • If a nutrient is in short supply, it will limit
    an organisms growth. It is called a limiting
    nutrient
  • When a limiting nutrient is dumped into a lake or
    pond, an algal bloom occurs and can disrupt the
    ecosystem

25
THE WATER CYCLE
26
CARBON CYCLE (see fig.3-13)
  • 4 PROCESSES MOVE CARBON THROUGH ITS CYCLE
  • Biological
  • Geochemical
  • Mixed biochemical
  • Human Activity

CO2
CO2
27
NITROGEN CYCLE (see fig.3-14)
N2 in Atmosphere
  • Nitrogen-containing nutrients in the biosphere
    include
  • Ammonia (NH3)
  • Nitrate (NO3-)
  • Nitrite (NO2-)
  • ORGANISMS NEED NITROGEN TO MAKE AMINO ACIDS FOR
    BUILDING PROTEINS!!!

N03- N02-
NH3
28
PHOSPHORUS CYCLE (see fig.3-15)
PHOSPHORUS FORMS PART OF IMPORTANT
LIFE-SUSTAINING MOLECULES (ex. DNA RNA)
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