Biosphere

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Biosphere
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WHAT IS ECOLOGY?

• Ecology- the scientific study of interactions
  between organisms and their environments,
  focusing on energy transfer
• Ecology is a science of relationships

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Daily Dose Biomes
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DD Questions

• Define a biome in your own words.
• List some factors that affect biomes around the
  world.
• Put your list into two inclusive categories.
• Inclusive categories - word can NOT be put into
  both list, words only works in one list.

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WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY ENVIRONMENT?

• The environment is made up of two factors
• Biotic factors- all living organisms inhabiting
  the Earth
• Abiotic factors- nonliving parts of the
  environment (i.e. temperature, soil, light,
  moisture, air currents)

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Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Organism
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• Organism - any unicellular or multicellular form
  exhibiting all of the characteristics of life, an
  individual.
• The lowest level of organization

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• POPULATION
• a group of organisms of one species living in
  the same place at the same time that interbreed
• Produce fertile offspring
• Compete with each other for resources (food,
  mates, shelter, etc.)

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Community - several interacting populations that
inhabit a common environment and are
interdependent.
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Ecosystem - populations in a community and the
abiotic factors with which they interact (ex.
marine, terrestrial)
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• Biosphere - life supporting portions of Earth
  composed of air, land, fresh water, and salt
  water.
• The highest level of organization

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• Habitat vs. Niche

Niche - the role a species plays in a community
its total way of life Habitat- the place in
which an organism lives out its life
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Feeding Relationships

• There are 3 main types of feeding relationships
• 1. Producer - Consumer
• 2. Predator - Prey
• 3. Parasite - Host

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Feeding Relationships

• Producer- all autotrophs (plants), they trap
  energy from the sun photosynthesis
• Bottom of the food chain

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Photosynthesis
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Feeding Relationships

• Consumer- all heterotrophs they ingest food
  containing the suns energy
• Herbivores
• Carnivores
• Omnivores
• Decomposers

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Feeding Relationships

• CONSUMERS
• Primary consumers
• Eat plants
• Herbivores
• Secondary, tertiary consumers
• Prey animals
• Carnivores

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Feeding Relationships

• Consumer-Carnivores-eat meat
• Predators
• Hunt prey
• animals for food.

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Feeding Relationships

• Consumer- Carnivores- eat meat
• Scavengers
• Feed on carrion,
• dead animals

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Feeding Relationships

• Consumer- Omnivores -eat both plants
• and animals

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Symbiotic Relationships

• Parasitism- one species benefits (parasite) and
  the other is harmed (host)
• Parasite-Host relationship

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Trophic Levels

• Each link in a food chain is known as a trophic
  level.
• Trophic levels represent a feeding step in the
  transfer of energy and matter in an ecosystem.

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Trophic Levels

• Food chain- simple model that shows how matter
  and energy move through an ecosystem

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Trophic Levels

• Food web- shows all possible feeding
  relationships in a community at each trophic
  level
• Represents a network of interconnected food chains

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• Food chain Food web
• (just 1 path of energy) (all possible energy
  paths)

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Biodiversity

• Daily Dose

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Question 1

• How many reptile species are located in North
  Carolina?
• 7
• 32
• 121
• 5,000

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Biodiversity DD Questions

1. In your own words define biodiversity.
2. Why is biodiversity so important in a biome?
3. Create a list of how animals are becoming
   extinct.

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What is biodiversity?

• Biodiversity variety of living things in an
  area
• Three levels
• Genetic diversity
• Species diversity
• Ecosystems diversity
• When you hear biodiversity of Earth it means
  species diversity

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Biodiversity of Earth

• Species diversity Last estimate there are 8.7
  million species many still yet to be discovered
• Can affect the stability of ecosystems
• If one species is lost it affects the entire
  ecosystem is effected
• Humans need biodiversity for medical, industrial,
  and agricultural proposes

Foxglove Digitalis for heart failure
Pacific yew Ovarian Cancer
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Areas of Critical Biodiversity

• Biodiversity hotspots
• High numbers of endemic species means many
  organisms that live there are not found anywhere
  else in the world
• Threatened by human activities
• Tropical rainforests
• Coral reefs and coastal ecosystems
• Islands

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Global Biodiversity Hotspots
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U.S. Biodiversity Hotspots
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Top Six Hot Spots
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1 Hawaii 2 San Francisco Bay area 3 Southern
Appalachians 4 Death Valley 5 Southern
California 6 Florida Panhandle
Concentration of rare species
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Low
Moderate
High
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• IF YOU

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C
C
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RUN !!!!!!!
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How do humans cause extinction?HIPPCO

• Habitat destruction may be complete destruction
  or habitat fragmentation
• Habitat destruction is the number one threat to
  biodiversity

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How do humans cause extinction?HIPPCO

• Introduction of invasive species
• Example Mites, called Verroa destructor,
  introduced from Asia have seriously reduced the
  wild honeybee population in the U.S.

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Spread of fire ants
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Kudzu

• Fast-growing climbing vine from Asia
• Introduced to control erosion

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European Starling

• Released into New York City in the late 1800s by
  a man who wanted to introduce to the U.S. all of
  the birds mentioned in Shakespeare
• Now widespread across North America
• Outcompetes many native birds, such as bluebirds,
  for nest holes

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How do humans cause extinction?HIPPCO

• 3. Population growth root of the problem?

Food for thought What native species could live
in these conditions?
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How do humans cause extinction?HIPPCO

• 4. Pollution
• Example Use of DDT almost caused the extinction
  of the Bald Eagle and other predatory birds

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Biomagnification

• Also called biological magnification
• Accumulation of pollutants in higher order
  trophic levels

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How do humans cause extinction?HIPPCO

• Climate change
• polar bear loss of sea ice
• bleaching of coral reefs

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• Golden toads were discovered in 1964, in
  Monteverde, Costa Rica
• The mountainous cloud forest has a perfect
  climate for amphibians
• Extreme sexual dimorphism
• Unfortunately, they became extinct within 25
  years
• Causes
• Changes in habitat drying of cloud forest due
  to global warming, ENSO
• Narrow window of time for reproduction breed in
  temporary ponds which dried up early
• Limited range
• Disease

Males
Female
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How do humans cause extinction?HIPPCO

• 6. Overharvesting, hunting, poaching
• Both legal and illegal collecting of organisms
  has had a negative impact

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Easter Island
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Population Growth

• Footprint and Growth

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Lorax Notes

• Who does the Lorax represent?
• Who does the Once-ler represent?
• What happened to the animals that lived there
  before the Once-ler made the factory?
• What was the Once-lers major mistake?
• With your group come up with something that the
  Once-ler could have done to prevent his business
  from going under?

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Footprints

• Ecological Footprints measure the extent to
  which humans are using the Earths bioproductive
  capacity
• How fast we are using up Earths resources
• Bioproductivity amount of biological material
  that is useful to humans
• Measured in Hectares 2.4 acres
• 1 hectare 2 complete football fields
• 11.5 billion hectares of biologically productive
  surface

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Supply and Demand
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Supply and Demand

• Supply biocapacity/bioproductivity
• Supply is declining because of urbanization and
  deforestation
• Demand Human needs
• Demand is increasing because population of the
  Earth is rising

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• Current estimates indicate that humans are
  overusing the bioproductivity of Earth by about
  25-50
• Think about The Lorax
• Eventually the amount of needed by humans
  exceeded how much Earth produced.
• What did this cause?

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What is your footprint?

• Do Ecological Footprint Activity

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How do we measure up with the rest of the world?
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How does Earth on a whole stand?

• 11.5 billion hectares
• Amount of bioproductive land is declining
• There are about 7 billion people on earth
• Amount of people is increasing
• Currently have 1.6 hectares per person
• Most ecologists believe this is insufficient to
  support a significant quality of life for the
  average person
• It is predicted that by 2050 we will have only 1
  acre per person

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Solutions

• Controlling emissions is cheaper than paying for
  the climate change

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• A 2010 study by the Pew Trust estimates the cost
  of lost ecological services by 2100
• Costs included factors such as lost agricultural
  productivity from drought, damage to
  infrastructure from flooding and storms, lost
  biological productivity, health costs from heat
  stress, and lost water supplies
• The Pew report found that climate change is
  likely to cost between 5 trillion and 90
  trillion by 2100
• The Stern Review (2006) estimates a cost of only
  about 1 of global GDP to avoid the worst impacts
  of climate change

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Solutions

• Controlling emissions is cheaper than paying for
  the climate change
• Ways to control emissions
• We can reduce dependence on coal, which produces
  more CO2 per energy unit than any other fuel
• We could institute fees for selling fossil
  fuelsthese would help fossil fuel prices
  represent their many hidden costs
• We can invest in new technologies and energy
  efficiency
• We can institute emissions trading, by
  instituting a legal cap on emissions, then
  allowing companies to buy and sell shares of that
  total cap (Californias AB-32 does this)

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Population Growth
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Daily Dose

• The Stork and the Grim Reaper

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Questions

• Make a prediction on what will happen to the
  water level.

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Questions

• Make a prediction on what will happen to the
  water level.
• In the scenario which is greater the death rate
  or the birth rate?
• What does this tell us about Earths population
  growth?
• List some things that would make the Reapers cup
  largerReal life things.
• What would need to happen to have the water level
  remain constant?

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Population Growth

• Population number of organisms for a species
• Can increase, decrease, or remain constant
• Whats
• happening to
• the population
• on the right over
• time?

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Factors that affect Growth

• Create a list with your table of factors that
  affect a populations growth.
• Write on sticky notes and place on board

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Population Growth Terms

• Limiting Factor limits the growth of a
  population
• Food availability
• Droughts
• Predators
• Competition
• Catastrophic events
• Parasite
• Disease
• Habitat availability

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Terms continued

• Carrying Capacity maximum population size an
  environment can support for a long period of time
• Carrying capacities can change as the environment
  changes
• Birth Rate number of births in a population per
  year
• Death Rate number of deaths in a population per
  year

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Scenario

• Scenario You have just been hired for exactly
  one month. Your boss is discussing your pay and
  asks for your opinion. He wants you to choose
• Option A 100 per week
• Option B 1 penny for the first day and doubled
  everyday for the next 28 days
• Which one should you chose. Take 3 minutes to
  come to your conclusion.

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Scenario cont.

• You should choice option B because it grow
  exponentially and you would get more
• Same is true in population growth

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Population Growth Patterns

• Exponential Growth
• Birth Rate is HIGHER than the death rate
• Birth rate is increasing
• Called a J - Graph

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Population Growth Patterns
Carrying capacity and limiting factors cause a
plateau in growth. Called S-graph
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Human Growth

• Based on the graph what is human growth?

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Human Growth
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Human Growth

• Why is the growth pattern exponential?

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Human Growth

• Why is the growth pattern exponential?
• Birth rate gt Death Rate

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Human Growth

• Why is the growth pattern exponential?
• Birth rate gt Death Rate
• Medical advances
• Increase technology

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Current Population

• Around 7 billion people
• Read 13.3 page

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Essay Prompt

• Are humans exceeding Earths carrying capacity?
  How can you tell? What would happen if we were to
  exceed the carrying capacity?
• Minimum 2 paragraphs
• Include
• Definition of carrying capacity.
• What type of growth pattern humans have.
• Solutions for minimizing human footprints and
  thereby increasing our carrying capacity.
• Defend your answer