TERRESTRIAL BIOMES OF THE WORLD

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TERRESTRIAL BIOMES OF THE WORLD
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BIOME
Earth

• A region of the __________ characterized by the
  ________ and __________ that live there. All
  parts of the biome have about the same
  ___________ (precipitation temperature range)

animals
plants
climate
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Six Major Terrestrial Biomes

• Grassland
• Desert
• Tropical Forest

• Tundra
• Taiga
• Deciduous Forest

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IDENTIFY THE BIOME
Photo 2
Photo 1
Photo 3
Deciduous Forest
Taiga
Desert
Photo 6
Tropical Forest
Photo 4
Tundra
Grassland
Photo 5
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Biomes can be categorized differently or more
specifically

• Chaparral
• Temperate Deciduous Forest
• Arctic Tundra
• Alpine Tundra
• Desert Scrub
• Coniferous Forest
• Boreal Forest
• Savanna

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How is a Biome a System?

• A system is a series of parts working together to
  perform a specific function
• All the characteristics of each biome are
  dependent upon each other in order to function
  effectively

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ADAPTATIONa structure or response that helps an
organism survive

• Structural
• A part of an organism that helps it to survive
• Fur
• Size of tail
• Behavioral
• An action or response that helps an organism to
  survive
• Migration
• Hibernation

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ACTIVITY

• Categorize the adaptations as either BEHAVIORAL
  OR STRUCTURAL
• Make hypotheses about how the adaptations
  specifically help an organism to survive
• A snow leopard has spots which is a structural
  adaptation. This adaptation allows it to hide
  more successfully. Therefore, it can survive
  longer. Surviving longer allows it to reproduce
  and create more of its species.

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BEHAVIORAL
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STRUCTURAL
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BEHAVIORAL OR STRUCTURAL?
BEHAVIORAL STRUCTURAL
Migrating Sharp teeth  
Dormancy Thin narrow leaves  
Nocturnal   Prehensile tail
Avoiding bad tasting prey Cactus spines  
Hunting   Webbed feet
Bird calls   Long, pointed beak
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Why do animals adapt?What happens if they
dont?BONUS describe the two types of
adaptations

• ADAPTATION TRIVIA

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ANSWER

• They adapt so that they can survive
• If they dont, then they will die
• structural adaptation is something the organism
  HAS
• behavioral adaptation is something the
  organism DOES

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Tundra
The youngest biome
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Tundra Locations
Some Tundra locations include

• Finland
• Norway
• Russia
• Sweden

• Alaska
• Canada
• Greenland
• Siberia

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Tundra Climate

• Harsh Winter
• many months of cold and darkness
• Summer 6-8 weeks
• long hours of day light and little/no darkness
• thin, top layer of the earth thaws and forms
  puddles
• Permanently frozen sub-soil
• permafrost

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Tundra Animals
Animals of the tundra biome must adapt to the
cold and harsh conditions

• Caribou
• mass migrations
• search of food
• thick fur skin
• enter frigid rivers
• hooves wide
• to support surfaces like mud and snow
• help the caribou to dig and swim
• Lemmings
• Small bodies and short limbs, ears and tail
• to conserve heat
• sharp little teeth
• to gnaw through roots to find food

Hatch in ponds/ puddles in the summer

• Insects
• black flies
• deer flies
• mosquitoes
• food for many animals and birds
• Birds
• Arctic tern
• Gulls
• Sandpipers
• Foxes
• Snowy Owl
• Musk Ox

migrate
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Trivia?

• Why do some animals in the tundra migrate to
  other areas in the winter?

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Answer

• Limited food supply
• Cold weather
• To Breed

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Tundra Plants

• Sedges
• energy stored in the plant's bulbs makes it grow
  rapidly when the temperature reaches 50ºF and
  above
• Woody Shrubs
• dwarfed because of the extreme cold and winds
• protected from extreme weather by a cover of dead
  and living non woody plants
• Heaths
• have hard evergreen leaves that can withstand
  strong winds and cold temperatures.
• Rosette
• leaves surround a central bud
• during winter the outside leaves of the plant die
  off
• the central bud is still protected by the
  remaining vegetation

• Grow quickly in the summer
• Do not last long
• Few trees
• not enough water deep in the soil for trees to
  grow
• cant survive the harsh winds
• Small
• Grasses
• Mosses
• Lichens
• an association of fungi and algae which live
  together as one organism

Lichen Sedge Woody Shrub
Heath Rosette
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ORGANISM ADAPTATION BEHAVIORAL OR STRUCTURAL? HOW DOES IT HELP IT SURVIVE?




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More Tundra Trivia

• What living things can survive in the Tundra?

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Answer

• small plants that grow rapidly
• insects that reproduce rapidly
• animals with heavy coats
• animals that migrate
• humans
• mosses, fungi, etc.

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HUMAN IMPACT

• pollution from mining and drilling for oil
• has polluted the air, lakes and rivers
• a very fragile environment
• Difficult for animals to survive
• Human movement is disturbing feeding, breeding,
  and denning grounds
• starvation
• Alaskan oil pipeline
• built across a caribou migration route
• Pesticides
• used to control the hordes of insects
• foodchain

• one of Earth's three major carbon dioxide sinks
• a biomass which takes in more carbon dioxide than
  it releases.
• global warming is melting the permafrost
• every year several feet of tundra are lost
• as the tundra melts, the plant mass decomposes
  and returns carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.

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THE TUNDRA

• located in the northern most part of the world
• not a cold and useless wasteland
• a very fragile environment
• the plants and animals must adapt to the long,
  cold winters and the short but abundant summers
• the smallest stresses can bring about their
  destruction

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TUNDRA TRIVIA

• How have humans impacted the Tundra biome?

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ANSWERS

• Global Warming- creates carbon dioxide sinks
• Drilling for oil- pollutes air, land, water
  animals
• The use of pesticides harms animals

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Taiga
The largest biome
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Other Names for the Taiga

• Coniferous Forest
• Boreal Forest

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Taiga Locations
Some Taiga locations are

• Canada
• Northern Europe
• Northern Asia

• Russia
• Scandinavia
• Alaska

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Taiga Climate

• long cold winters
• moderate summers
• swamp forest -- Nickname
• melting snow causes swampy conditions in the
  early summer

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Taiga Trivia

• Why is the taiga nicknamed swamp forest?

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Answer

• The melting snow causes the ground to be
  oversaturated with water which leads to swampy
  (muddy) conditions.

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Taiga Animals
Need to be well adapted

• cow moose
• elk
• deer
• lemmings
• mice
• shrews
• voles
• beavers
• snow shoe hares

• red squirrels
• bears
• chipmunk
• lynxes
• wolves
• wolverines
• ermine
• ptarmigan
• hermit thrushes
• cedar waxwings

hibernate
resident animals
live in snow tunnels
PREDATORS remain active
survive all year
migrate
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Taiga Plants

• CONIFERS
• produce seeds in cones
• important link in the food chain
• Evergreen habit
• leaves remain green during the winter
• when temperatures rise
• plants can begin photosynthesis right away
• Dark color
• dark green needles allow more sun light and heat
  to be absorbed
• the process of photosynthesis is accelerated
• Needleleaf
• trees which have needles instead of leaves
• Waxy coatings on needles prevents moisture from
  evaporating in drying winds
• prevent snow from collecting on them

• Trees are an important resource
• lumber
• Pulp
• Types of Conifers
• Evergreen spruce
• Tamarack fir
• Pine
• Aspen
• Scots pine
• Fir
• Spruce
• Shaded Ground
• limited sunlight prevents plants from growing
• few plants survive grow in open area or
  clearing
• in the summer, the plants are food for grazing
  animals

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ORGANISM ADAPTATION BEHAVIORAL OR STRUCTURAL? HOW DOES IT HELP IT SURVIVE?



Work on page 5 (Taiga) And page 16 (Venn Diagram)
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HUMAN IMPACT

• Deforestation
• may soon cause the Taigas disappearance
• Acid rain
• air pollution from the burning of fossil fuels is
  the major cause of acid rain
• does not usually kill trees directly
• weakens the trees by damaging their leaves,
  limiting the nutrients available to them
• Global Warming
• temperature changes over the next century may
  occur at rates 15 to 50 times faster than
  historical averages
• organisms will have trouble responding to these
  changes

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THE TAIGA

• South of the Tundra
• All animals and plants have adaptations
• Trees are an important resource
• Deforestation needs to be managed more carefully

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More Trivia

• What are some of the living conditions of the
  taiga?

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Answer

• long cold winters
• moderate summers
• animals that remain active

• mountainous
• conifer trees
• swampy in the early summer

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Can you

• Compare and Contrast
• the
• Tundra
• and the
• Taiga?

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See page 16
TAIGA
TUNDRA
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See page 16
TAIGA
TUNDRA

• Long, cold
• winters
• Animals/plants with
• Adaptations
• Located in the north

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Deciduous Forest
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Deciduous Forest Locations
Some Deciduous Forest Locations

• South of Taiga
• Europe
• North America
• Eastern Coast

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Deciduous Forest Climate

• Named for trees that shed their leaves annually
  only to be re-grown again
• Moist
• Four Distinct Seasons
• Hot summers
• Cold winters
• Spring
• Autumn

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Deciduous Forest Animals

• deer
• squirrels
• ground hogs
• chipmunks
• large birds
• raccoons
• skunks

• Live at different levels depending on
• nesting
• feeding habits
• protection
• In winter many animals are less active
• some hibernate
• some migrate

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Deciduous Forest Plants

• Arranged in Layers
• Tree stratum
• the tallest layer
• 60 -100 feet high
• large oak, maple, beech, chestnut, hickory, elm,
  basswood, linden, walnut, or sweet gum trees
• Small tree or sapling layer
• short tree species and young trees
• Shrub layer
• shrubs like rhododendrons, azaleas, mountain
  laurels, and huckleberries.
• Herb layer
• short plants
• Ground layer
• Lichens, mosses

• Deciduous means to fall off or shed
• Broad leafed trees are common
• In spring many flowers bloom
• Mosses and ferns grow in the shade

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ORGANISM ADAPTATION BEHAVIORAL OR STRUCTURAL? HOW DOES IT HELP IT SURVIVE?




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Deciduous Forest Trivia

• What is special
• about this
• biome?

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Answer

• We live
• there!
• Four
• Seasons

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HUMAN IMPACT

• many of the resources are being depleted
• heavily populated and industrialized
• air pollution
• logging
• urbanization
• building new homes
• an entire animal or plant species could be
  eliminated

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DECIDUOUS FOREST

• We live in this biome
• Four seasons
• Named for leaves that shed each season
• All animals and plants have adaptations
• Spread awareness to protect this biome

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Grasslands
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Grasslands Location

• Southeastern South America
• Africa (Savanna)
• Australia
• New Zealand

• The largest grassland biome is located in the
  interior of North America

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Grasslands Climate

• windy
• partly-dry
• similar to deciduous forest
• LESS precipitation

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Grasslands Animals

• bison
• wolves
• coyotes
• prairie dogs
• mice
• badgers

• birds
• Ability to nest among plants
• may prey on smaller birds and mammals
• Many animals are colored so that they blend in
  with the grasses allowing them to hide from
  predators

Have special teeth or digestive systems to feed
on grasses or large canine teeth to prey on
other animals
Have legs or paws that help them live
in underground burrows
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Grasslands Plants

• dominated with grasses
• have roots that extend downward for over 9 feet
  to absorb moisture during dry periods
• have narrow leaves that lose less water to
  evaporation
• wild flowers grow among the grasses
• brightly colored flowers attract pollinators
• growing point is underground
• can survive fire and regrow

• few trees and shrubs in a grassland
• less than one tree per acre
• today, many of the grasses have been plowed over
• Cereal grains wheat, oats, corn, barley, rice
• planted in their place

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ORGANISM ADAPTATION BEHAVIORAL OR STRUCTURAL? HOW DOES IT HELP IT SURVIVE?




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HUMAN IMPACT

• Many crops have been cultivated
• Poor agriculture practices
• Crops are not rotated properly
• all nutrients in the soil are stripped
• soil turns to dust
• nothing can grow in it for many years
• Cattle and livestock
• over grazed land
• animals need to compete for food

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THE GRASSLANDS

• Interior of North America
• Very windy conditions
• Few trees
• Overgrazing is ruining the land
• Must rotate crops properly to preserve soil

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The Desert
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Desert Locations

• Deserts are also located in
• North America
• Asia
• Antarctica
• Australia, etc.

• Largest desert is the
• Sahara in Africa

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Desert Climate

• little or no precipitation
• less than 10 inches annually
• wide range in temperatures between day and night
• hot days
• cold nights
• some are just cold
• Gobi desert
• Antarctic desert

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ADAPTATION

• A structure or a response that helps an organism
  to survive

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Desert Animals

• Tortoises
• Get water from plants it eats
• Stores in cabins under its shell
• Gemsboks
• Large teeth to dig under sand for seeds
• Addax
• Special lining in stomach to store water
• Kangaroo rat
• Powerful hind legs to escape predators

• Usually small in size
• Tight water-proof skin
• Burrow
• Nocturnal
• Light colored
• Reptiles
• Gila monster
• Store fat in tail
• Roadrunners
• Extract water from smaller animals

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Desert Plants

• Acacia trees Ocotillos
• Shed leaves
• prevents the loss of moisture from evaporation
• slows the growth of the plant
• Creosote bush
• roots have chemicals
• to keep other plants from growing near
• Cacti
• Joshua
• tree

• not abundant
• adaptations to survive
• grow slowly
• uses less energy
• store water (succulents)
• can be used during dry periods
• thick, leathery leaves
• Prevents evaporation of water
• thin, needle-like leaves
• little water is lost
• roots are long and shallow
• absorb water

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ORGANISM ADAPTATION BEHAVIORAL OR STRUCTURAL? HOW DOES IT HELP IT SURVIVE?




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HUMAN IMPACT

• Off roading in unrestricted areas all over the
  desert
• leave tracks on the soil
• scar the land for decades
• kill off vegetation
• harms the animal population

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THE DESERT

• Very little precipitation
• Organisms have unique adaptations
• Off-road vehicles are destructive

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Tropical Forest
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Tropical Forest Locations

• Some Tropical Forest locations are
• Near the equator
• South America
• Central America
• Southeast Asia
• Australia

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Tropical Forest Climate

• Does not vary much
• Humid
• Little change in temperature
• Receives more rain than any other biome

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Tropical Forest Animals
Have unique adaptations

• Camouflage
• Protective Resemblance
• Look like other organisms
• Leafhopper
• thorns
• Walking sticks
• sticks
• Poison
• display bright colors to warn predators they are
  deadly when eaten
• poison arrow frog
• bright red, yellow, or blue colored skin
• Heliconid butterflies
• brightly colored wings

• Many animals live in the treetops
• Sloths
• Sun bears
• Giant squirrels
• Lemurs
• Tropical porcupines
• Spider monkeys
• Pangolins
• Sifakas

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Tropical Forest Plants

• Very abundant
• over 1000 kinds
• Trees have broad green leaves
• stay green all year
• tall trees form a roof
• keep out sunlight
• few plants grow on the forest floor

• Strange and Beautiful
• Vines grow up trees towards the sunlight

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Tropical Forest PlantsAmazing Adaptations

• Slick outer coating
• so rain slides off the leaf
• Drip tips
• help guide raindrops off of the plant
• Tannins
• make plants hard to digest
• Mimicry
• make themselves look like other trees
• Shed bark
• to get rid of epiphytes

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ORGANISM ADAPTATION BEHAVIORAL OR STRUCTURAL? HOW DOES IT HELP IT SURVIVE?




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Tropical Forest Layers
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Rainforest Strata (Layers)

• EMERGENTS
• Giant trees
• Many birds and insects
• CANOPY
• Upper parts of the trees
• Full of life insects, birds, reptiles, mammals
• UNDERSTORY
• A dark, cool environment under the leaves, over
  the ground
• FOREST FLOOR
• Teeming with animal life, especially insects
• Largest animals in the rainforest

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TF Trivia

• Q Scientists divide the rain forest into zones
  based on the living environment. What is the
  technical name for these zones?
• A Strata

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Tropical Forest Trivia

• Q Name two rainforest strata that receive the
  most sunlight.
• A 1. Emergent
• 2. Canopy

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HUMAN IMPACT

• Deforestation
• Slash and burn farming
• Clearing land for industrial use or cattle
  ranching

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TROPICAL FOREST

• Home to many exotic plants and animals
• Located along the equator
• Four Layers
• Deforestation is a problem
• Attention to this exploitation will help to
  alleviate the problem

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TRIVIA

• List at least 4 organisms and their adaptations

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ANSWERS
BIOME ORGANISM ADAPTATION




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• Write down what you
• learned about the BIOMES of the WORLD

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I LEARNED
BIOME FACT
Tundra
Taiga
Deciduous Forest
Grasslands
Desert
Tropical Forest
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Conservation and Preservation of Biomes

• Because we share the world with many other
  species of plants and animals, we must consider
  the consequences of our actions. Over the past
  several decades, increasing human activity has
  rapidly destroyed or polluted many ecological
  habitats throughout the world. It is important to
  preserve all types of biomes as each houses many
  unique forms of life. However, the continued
  heavy exploitation of certain biomes, such as the
  forest, freshwater, and marine, may have more
  severe implications.

http//www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/index
.php
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WHAT CAN YOU DO TO MAKE A DIFFERENCE?

• We can help to educate people about the
  consequences of their actions and the impact it
  has on our world biomes.
• We can all gain a better understanding of how to
  preserve the Earth's natural biomes

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• The areas that have been destroyed will never go
  back to how they once were, however conservation
  and awareness will help keep them from getting
  worse.

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RESOURCES

• Information
• http//www.teachersfirst.com
• http//www.teachersdomain.org
• http//passporttoknowledge.com
• Images
• http//search.live.com/images