A

1

• A
• Study
• of Church Hist ry

2
Eras of Church History

• The First Century Church (33 -100 A.D.)
• The Apostolic Fathers (100 180 A.D.)
• The Apologists (180 250 A.D.)
• The Formation of the Roman Catholic church (250
  787 A.D.)
• The Growth of Papal Power (787 1517 A.D.)
• The Protestant Reformation (1517 1800 A.D.)
• The Restoration (1800 Present)

3
The First Century Church (33 -100 A.D.)

• Beginning
• Organization
• Worship
• Membership
• Rapid Growth
• Warnings
• Early Problems

4
The Apostolic Fathers (100 180 A.D.)

• One step removed from the apostles
• The New Testament was completed by 96 A.D.
• Their writings were uninspired.
• Their writings show that during this time period
  the church was following the New Testament
  pattern.

5
CLEMENT of ROME

• The church at Rome had three elders Linus,
  Anacletus and Clement.
• The church in Corinth was having leadership
  difficulties
• On behalf of the elders at Rome, Clement wrote a
  general letter.
• The letter
• - two hundred scripture references.
• - the church was governed by a plurality of
  elders.
• - no distinction made between bishops and elders.

6
POLYCARP

• A companion of the Apostles (close friend of
  John)
• One of the Elders at Smyrna for 50 years
• Martyred February 22, 156 A.D. (86 years old)
• Letter to the church at Philippi
• - quotes from the New Testament 60 times (34
  times from Pauls epistles)
• - plurality of elders
• Revelation 28 -11

7
The TEACHING of the TWELVE APOSTLES

• Author unknown
• Also known as The DIDACHE
• Churches governed by a plurality of elders
• Worship service still the same
• The Lord Supper every Sunday
• Baptism is immersion
• Emergency Baptism

8
SHEPHERD of HERMAS

• Slave gt Farmer gt Sinner gt Christian gt Elder
• Article written to correct false notion of no
  forgiveness of sins after baptism
• Plurality of elders
• No distinction between elders and bishops
• Baptism is for forgiveness of sins and is
  immersion

9
Summary

• The best information on the church of the first
  eighty years after the death of the last apostles
  is found in the works of these writers.

10
Summary

• Through their writings we find that the actual
  practices of the church had changed little from
  that set forth in the New Testament.

11
Summary

• These writers give evidence of the independence
  of each congregation and there is no reference to
  the church at Rome having any preeminence. Peter
  is neither mentioned as the Bishop of Rome nor is
  there any mention of his having been in Rome.
  Baptism is referred to by all as immersion for
  the remission of sin.

12
The Apologists (180 250 A.D.)

• During its early history the church was tolerated
  by the Roman government as a sect of the Jews.
• Roman officials began to regard the church as an
  illegal religion.
• Official persecution of the church began with
  Nero in 54 A.D.
• Driven to worship in secret, all manner of false
  accusations begin to be brought upon Christians.
• Cannibals! Incest! The great fire of Rome!
• Atheists and pagans!
• Leaders in the church began to defend
  Christianity by writing what is know as the
  Apologies.
• These defenses of Christianity give us a clear
  picture of what the church was like during this
  time period.

13
Justin Martyr

• To the Emperor Titus Ælius Adrianus Antoninus
  Pius Augustus Caesar, and to his son Verissimus
  the Philosopher, and to Lucius the Philosopher,
  the natural son of Caesar, and the adopted son of
  Pius, a lover of learning, and to the sacred
  Senate, with the whole People of the Romans
• Justin urges the emperor to investigate
  Christianity and learn the truth. Christians are
  not pagans or idolaters. Christ was a fulfillment
  of prophecy.
• But what is most significant is what he says
  about the worship service at this time.

14
Justin Martyr

• But Sunday is the day on which we all hold our
  common assembly, because it is the first day on
  which God, having wrought a change in the
  darkness and matter, made the world and Jesus
  Christ our Saviour on the same day rose from the
  dead. For He was crucified on the day before that
  of Saturn (Saturday) and on the day after that
  of Saturn, which is the day of the Sun, having
  appeared to His apostles and disciples, He taught
  them these things, which we have submitted to you
  also for your consideration.

15
Justin Martyr

• Lord Supper every Sunday
• No instruments of music
• Baptism was for the remission of sins and was
  immersion
• All Christians were priests
• Churches autonomous with a plurality of elders
  and no distinction made between elders and
  bishops clergy and laity

16
Other Apologists

• Tatian - Wrote the first harmony of the four
  gospels
• Melito (elder at Sardis) Christianity and the
  New Testament is Gods final revelation and that
  the Old Testament was abolished and was only a
  foreshadowing of the New Testament

17
Persecution to Victory (54 A.D. 325 A.D.)

• Tiberius (33 A.D. 37 A.D.)
• The church grew rapidly. No persecution.
• Gaius or Caligula (37-41)
• No persecution but the groundwork was laid when
  he declared himself to be god.
• Acts 931 was written during this time period.

18

• Acts 931 (KJV) Then had the churches rest
  throughout all Judaea and Galilee and Samaria,
  and were edified and walking in the fear of the
  Lord, and in the comfort of the Holy Ghost, were
  multiplied.

19
Persecution to Victory (54 A.D. 325 A.D.)

• Claudius (41-54)
• He gave Judea to Herod Agrippa (Acts 122).
• Riots broke out in Rome involving the Jews and
  their hatred of Christians (Acts 182)
• Nero (54-69)
• July 18, 64 A.D. fire broke out in the city of
  Rome, burned for 9 days. Nero blamed the
  Christians to remove blame from himself.
• Large number of Christians killed James the
  brother of Jesus, Peter and Paul died during his
  reign.

20
Persecution to Victory (54 A.D. 325 A.D.)

• Vespasian (69-79)
• No record of persecution of Christians but
  Jerusalem was destroyed in 70 A.D. as foretold in
  Mt. 24.
• Domitian (81-96)
• Blood thirsty killer of Christians who thought
  he was a god.
• One could not hold property as a Christian
• John banished to Isle of Patmos where he wrote
  the book of Revelation

21
Persecution to Victory (54 A.D. 325 A.D.)

• Trajan (98-117)
• Emperor worship is now the norm.
• Attempts were made to totally wipe out
  Christianity (declared illegal).
• Hadrian (117-138) Persecutions died down
• Antoninus Pius (136-161) No written accounts of
  persecution???

22
Persecution to Victory (54 A.D. 325 A.D.)

• Marcus Aurelius (161-180)
• Great persecutions again, many church leaders
  were killed including Justin and Polycarp.
• Falsely accused to steal property.
• Loyalty Oath
• (180-193) Persecutions continued.
• Severus (193-211) Official law forbidding
  conversion to Christianity.

23
Persecution to Victory (54 A.D. 325 A.D.)

• Decius (249-251) Devised plan to reveal
  identity of all Christians.
• Annual sacrifice to Roman gods where a
  certificate was given without which no work,
  food, or property.
• 10 percent of Roman now Christian.
• Valerian (253-260) Continues Deciuss policies.
• Various Rulers (260-284) No persecution
  recorded Large church buildings were built.

24
Persecution to Victory (54 A.D. 325 A.D.)

• Diocletian (284-305)
• Committed to destroying Christianity completely.
• Worst persecution in the history of the world.
• All building burn, all scripture destroyed, all
  Christians killed.
• He built a monument to self as one who destroyed
  Christianity.

25
Persecution to Victory (54 A.D. 325 A.D.)

• Galerious (305-311)
• Realize the failure of Diocletian and
  acknowledge that Christianity would never be
  destroyed.
• On his deathbed issued the Edict of Toleration
• Official end of Roman Governments persecution
  of Christians

26
Persecution to Victory (54 A.D. 325 A.D.)

• Constantine issues the Edict of Milan in 313
  A.D.
• This not only grants Christians the right to
  exist, but Christianity is now encouraged.
• Civil Court restitution cases
• Christianity becomes the official religion of
  the Roman Empire.

27
Persecution to Victory (54 A.D. 325 A.D.)

• Even though persecution had stopped, a great
  danger was ahead.
• Christianity for hundreds of years had know
  persecution but now it had suddenly stopped!
• With this new freedom, heresy and unscriptural
  changes began almost immediately.

28
The Development of the New Testament

• A group of church leaders or councils did not
  decide on the canon but each congregation worked
  independently and came to the same conclusion or
  canon. The providence of God was at work!

29
Later Apologists and Early Departures

• Tertullian
• Argues that persecution will never destroy the
  church but increase it.
• We multiply whenever we are mown down by you
  the blood of Christians is seed.

30
Later Apologists and Early Departures

• Irenaeus
• Scripture should be the only authority!
• Matthew, Mark, Luke and John were the only
  inspired Gospels
• Isaiah 714 virgin
• Gives us a list of the bishops of Rome but Peter
  is not named

31
Later Apologists and Early Departures

• Origen
• The last great apologist and the first apologist
  to write in Latin
• At the age 17 he saw his father arrested and put
  to death for being a Christian
• He produced an Old Testament in six languages in
  parallel columns (9,000 pages) and wrote a
  commentary for each book.

32
Later Apologists and Early Departures

• Early Bad Influences
• Greek philosophy lead to rationalism
• Judaism lead to ceremony and ritual
• The pride of men lead to the concept I can
  improve on Gods word and I know what is best.

33
Later Apologists and Early Departures

• Early Departures in Church Government
• Chairmen or Presidents Bishop
• By the close of the third century these bishops
  were regarded as successors to the apostles.
• Large city bishops began to oversee country
  churches, then regions.
• Bishops began to look to Rome for spiritual
  advice because it was headquarters of the world.

34
Later Apologists and Early Departures

• Early Development of the Priesthood
• Patterned after Judaism
• Distinction between those who led worship
• Lord Supper began to become a ceremony of pomp
  and ritualism
• Original Sin and Infant Baptism
• Tertullian (160-220) first to formulate the
  doctrine of original sin.
• Cyprian (248-258) provided the obvious conclusion
  i.e. infant baptism, but this did not become a
  general practice until the fifth century.

35
Later Apologists and Early Departures

• Early Observance of Easter
• Christian calendar around the life of Christ that
  coincided with pagan celebrations and Jewish
  feasts to make the church more attractive.

36
The Formation of the Roman Catholic church (250
787 A.D.)

• The influence of Constantine
• Why he supported the church
• He was convinced that the God of the Christians
  was the strongest supernatural force in the
  world.
• In the west of the empire, there was very
  little persecution peace and prosperity was the
  result.
• The Vision of the Cross
• He saw the church as a tool of unity and
  culture.

37
The Formation of the Roman Catholic church (250
787 A.D.)

• The influence of Constantine
• How he supported the church (Edict of Milan)
• He pushed Christianity as the state religion.
• He returned all property back to Christians.
• He built elaborate buildings.
• He paid preachers from state treasuries.
• He declared Sunday to be a legal holiday.

38
The Formation of the Roman Catholic church (250
787 A.D.)

• The influence of Constantine
• The Council of Nicaea (325 A.D.)
• Dispute over the nature of Christ (persecution
  over).
• 318 bishops
• Constantine headed the council (Bishop of
  Bishops) and made the keynote address even
  though he had not been baptized or even claimed
  to be a Christian.
• Issued the first man-made creed.
• Decreed that all churches must observe Easter
  on the same day.
• Constantine declared all churches must obey the
  judgment of the council giving the council the
  position of speaking for God

39
The Formation of the Roman Catholic church (250
787 A.D.)

• The influence of Constantine
• This active interest in behalf of the church led
  Christians to exalt Constantine and rely on his
  decisions. The church soon gave up her
  independence and began to rely upon the Roman
  government for its organization and authority.
• The Irony
• Constantine did not become a Christian until
  right before his death.
• He kept his position as Chief Priest of the
  pagan religion.
• His life was not in harmony with Christianity,
  murdered his son and wife.

40
The Formation of the Roman Catholic church (250
787 A.D.)

• The Rule of the Ecumenical Councils
• The term ecumenical means universal.
• As applied to church councils it refers to the
  first eight councils to which all the Bishops
  were invited.
• They claimed final authority!
• Council of Nicaea, 325
• First Creed
• First Church Law
• First Excommunication
• First Promotions (Rome, Alexandria, Antioch)

41
The Formation of the Roman Catholic church (250
787 A.D.)

• The Rule of the Ecumenical Councils
• Council of Constantinople, 381
• Confirmed that the decisions of the first
  council was religious truth Shall not be
  set aside but shall remain dominant.
• Confirmed the nature of the Holy Spirit.
• Confirmed that Jesus was both Divine and
  human.
• Council of Ephesus, 431
• Mary, mother of God

42
The Formation of the Roman Catholic church (250
787 A.D.)

• The Rule of the Ecumenical Councils
• Council of Chalcedon, 451
• The Bishop of Rome (rule the West) and the
  Bishop Constantinople (rule the East) were
  equal.
• Anathema to all who do not confess that the
  Virgin Mary is the mother of God.
• To settle an argumentPeter has spoken
  through Leo.
• Four councils after this but nothing was really
  accomplished except the Council of Nicaea in
  787 approved the use of images.

43
The Formation of the Roman Catholic church (250
787 A.D.)

• The Development of Catholicism during the Time of
  the Ecumenical Councils
• The Establishment of a Catholicity
• Bishops recognized the New Testament as
  authoritative, but they believe it needed
  an authoritarian interpretation.
• Organization was needed to demand
  conformity, therefore, a pattern of doctrine
  developed designated as Catholic.

44
The Formation of the Roman Catholic church (250
787 A.D.)

• The Development of Catholicism during the Time of
  the Ecumenical Councils
• Sacredotalism
• A system of sacraments that provide the grace
  of God.
• From the scriptural position of the
  priesthood of all believers there developed a
  distinct priestly class.
• As the priestly class developed and the priests
  began to things for the common Christians that
  they could not do for themselves.
• The administration of the baptism and Lords
  Supper became the sole privilege of the
  Bishop.
• Grace is needed for salvation Sacrament needed
  for grace Bishop could only administer
  sacrament, therefore
• CONTROL

45
The Formation of the Roman Catholic church (250
787 A.D.)

• The Development of Catholicism during the Time of
  the Ecumenical Councils
• Baptism
• During this period necessary salvation
  (remission of sins)
• Only performed by an approved official
• Performed only on certain days
• Candidates were required to go through a period
  of training
• An elaborate ceremony
• Renounce the Devil
• Salt sprinkled on head
• Milk and honey consumed after baptism
• Dressed in white robes and paraded home wearing
  crowns
• Infant baptism became a common practice after
  450 A.D.
• Sprinkling was not practiced except in case of
  emergencies (Novatian 251)

46
The Formation of the Roman Catholic church (250
787 A.D.)

• The Development of Catholicism during the Time of
  the Ecumenical Councils
• The Lord Supper
• Came to be viewed as an offering at an altar.
• Members would bring bread and wine and give to
  Bishop who in turn would offer to God and used in
  service.
• At first it was considered a sacrifice of man
  unto God, but since it represented the sacrifice
  of Christ, the service became an offering of
  Christ unto God.
• Cyprian added the idea that the service
  reenacted the offering of Christ.
• Transubstantiation was the result but argued
  against by most until 800s

47
The Formation of the Roman Catholic church (250
787 A.D.)

• The Development of Catholicism during the Time of
  the Ecumenical Councils
• Increase of Sacraments
• As infant baptism increased there arose the need
  for Confirmation before first communion
• It became the duty of the priest to determine
  whether or not a member genuinely repented and
  was contrite. This led to a priest absolving one
  from their sins establishing Penance.
• In order to regulate who could became a priest
  the sacrament of Ordination was instituted.
• Marriage could only be performed by a priest
• Based on James 514-15, the sacrament of Unction
  and Extreme Unction (last rites) were instituted.
• By the 600 A.D. all seven sacraments used by the
  Catholic church today were being practiced.

48
The Formation of the Roman Catholic church (250
787 A.D.)

• The Development of Catholicism during the Time of
  the Ecumenical Councils
• Special music introduced
• 4th Century special singers which lead to
  choirs
• 5th Century first record of instruments being
  used by some. By the 8th century worldwide

49
The Formation of the Roman Catholic church (250
787 A.D.)

• The Development of Catholicism during the Time of
  the Ecumenical Councils
• Monasticism
• It began to be taught that in order to be truly
  spiritual one needed to be celibate like the
  apostle Paul.
• This was followed by an over emphasis of being
  separated from the world.
• Lesson to be truly religious one must be a
  hermit (250 A.D.)
• 4th Century hermits began to be organized into
  monastic groups.
• Monks believed in exposing themselves to all
  manner of hardship in order to make themselves
  more spiritual
• All practiced the three vows poverty,
  chastity, and obedience.
• Benedict (480-543) a reformer of monks
• Took the best leaders away.
• Provided a valuable resource during the dark
  ages
• (manuscripts)

50
The Formation of the Roman Catholic church (250
787 A.D.)

• The Development of Catholicism during the Time of
  the Ecumenical Councils
• The Theory and Rise of the Organization of Roman
  Catholicism
• Christ left the church leaders all power and
  privileges that He had while on earth
• Christ had a three-fold ministry Prophet,
  Priest, and King
• These functions must now be taken over by the
  church leaders
• Prophet teaching
• Priest bestowing the grace of God
• King final authority and rule

51
The Formation of the Roman Catholic church (250
787 A.D.)

• The Development of Catholicism during the Time of
  the Ecumenical Councils
• The Theory and Rise of the Organization of Roman
  Catholicism
• 1. Teaching
• Church had the same right as Jesus in deciding
  what was true teaching
• Result unnecessary for church members to
  study their Bibles unnecessary for priests to
  study
• Church services turn to ceremonialism apart
  from instruction

52
The Formation of the Roman Catholic church (250
787 A.D.)

• The Development of Catholicism during the Time of
  the Ecumenical Councils
• The Theory and Rise of the Organization of Roman
  Catholicism
• 2. Giving of grace
• Sacredotalism
• Salvation impossible without submission to the
  terms of the priesthood
• 3. Rule
• Based on the hierarchy of the Roman government
  (pyramid)
• Canon Law

53
The Formation of the Roman Catholic church (250
787 A.D.)

• The Development of Catholicism during the Time of
  the Ecumenical Councils
• The Theory and Rise of the Organization of Roman
  Catholicism
• The hierarchy of the Roman Catholic church
  (pyramid)
• POWER OF JURISDICTION
• The Pope (College of the Cardinals and Curia)
• Papal Legates
• Archbishops (12 Bishops and his territory)
• Bishop (over a specific territory or diocese)
• Vicar General
• Rural Dean (7-12 Parish Priests)
• Parish Priest

54
The Formation of the Roman Catholic church (250
787 A.D.)

• The Development of Catholicism during the Time of
  the Ecumenical Councils
• The Theory and Rise of the Organization of Roman
  Catholicism
• The hierarchy of the Roman Catholic church
• POWER OF ORDERS
• Janitor (church rolls)
• Reader (read scripture in services)
• Exorcist (water bearer)
• Acolyte (handle vessels and assist in Mass)
• Sub-Deacon (ready for ordination)
• Deacon (trial period after ordination)
• Priest (five sacraments)
• Bishop
• Archbishop and Cardinal
• Pope

55
The Growth of Papal Power (787 1517 A.D.)

• The Chronological developments that led to this
  power
• 325 All bishops were consider equal.
  Patriarchs or Metropolitans were appointed
  (Alexandria, Constantinople, Antioch, and
  Jerusalem)
• 341 Bishop of Rome argued that a dispute should
  be settled at Rome the tradition handed down
  from the blessed Apostle Peter.
• 343 Meet in Rome to honor the memory of
  Peter.
• 376 Bishop of Rome hires Jerome I think it
  is my duty to consult the chair of Peter the
  Rock on which the church is built.

56
The Growth of Papal Power (787 1517 A.D.)

• The Chronological developments that led to this
  power
• 382 Valentinian the Emperor agrees to back up
  with imperial forces the decisions of the Bishop
  Rome.
• 417 The Bishop of Rome tells the African
  bishops Nothing should be taken as finally
  settled unless it came to the notice of this See,
  that any just pronouncement might be confirmed by
  all authority of this See, and that the other
  churches might thence gather what they should
  teach.
• 440 Leo I, Bishop of Rome declares he has final
  Apostolic authority

57
The Growth of Papal Power (787 1517 A.D.)

• The Chronological developments that led to this
  power
• 445 Valentinian III decrees that the Bishop of
  Rome has universal authority Inasmuch as the
  pre-eminence of the Apostolic See is assured by
  the merit of St. Peter, the first of the bishops
  we decree that nothing shall by the bishops
  without the authority of the venerable pope of
  the Eternal City.
• 451 - Council of Chalcedon declares the Bishop of
  Rome will rule the West and the Bishop of
  Constantinople will rule the East. Both should
  considered equal in power.

58
The Growth of Papal Power (787 1517 A.D.)

• The Chronological developments that led to this
  power
• 741 the Pope works closely with emperor Martel
  to unify the Christian world to fight against the
  Muslims
• 756 Emperor Pepin makes the pope Duke of Rome
  and gives temporal rule of the city
• 800 Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne
• 962 Pope and Emperor are consider co-regents
  but the spiritual began to slowly ruled the
  temporal

59
The Growth of Papal Power (787 1517 A.D.)

• Factors that influenced the growth of papal power
• The prestige of the city of Rome
• The early benevolence and sound doctrine of the
  church at Rome
• Church became to be regarded as being founded by
  Paul and Peter who sealed their faith
• Missionary work by church in Rome mother
  church
• Close proximity to the emperors

60
The Growth of Papal Power (787 1517 A.D.)

• Factors that influenced the growth of papal power
• Claims of Apostolic Succession
• Rome took the lead in fighting heresy
• Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals
• Scholasticism
• During invasions in which imperial and church
  administration broke down the Bishop of Rome took
  over.
• The weapons of excommunication, interdict and
  illiteracy

61
The Growth of Papal Power (787 1517 A.D.)

• The strong Popes of history
• Leo I (440-461) first to claim papal authority
• Gregory I (590-604) purgatory
• Nicholas I (858) demanded obedience as the
  supreme head of the church based on the
  Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals
• Benedict IX, who became Pope in 1033, created
  such a scandal that he was driven from Rome and
  replaced by Sylvester III. Benedict, however,
  managed to return to Rome and maintain his claim
  that he was the rightful Pope. On the basis of
  his claim he sold the papacy to Gregory VI.
  Gregory began to claim papal power, but Benedict
  decided that he would continue in office, and so
  for a period of time there were three men
  claiming to be Pope.
• Leo IX (1053-1054) produced the split of 1054,
  between the east and the west

62
The Growth of Papal Power (787 1517 A.D.)

• The strong Popes of history
• Gregory VII (1073-1085)
• The Roman church was founded by God alone The
  Roman Pope alone can with right be called
  universal he alone may use the imperial
  insignia his feet alone shall be kissed by all
  Princes he may depose the Emperor he himself
  may be judged by no one the Roman church has
  never erred, nor will it err in all eternity.
• Decreed clergy must be celibate
• Innocent III (1198-1216) Most powerful of all
  (ruled the entire known world)

63
The Growth of Papal Power (787 1517 A.D.)

• The strong Popes of history
• Boniface VIII (1294-1303)
• Came in like a fox, ruled like a lion and died
  like a dog.
• Priests would no longer pay taxes
• We declare, state, define and pronounce that it
  is altogether necessary to salvation for every
  human creature to be subject to the Roman
  Pontiff.
• Babylonian Captivity - 70 years (King Philip
  Avignon)

64
The Growth of Papal Power (787 1517 A.D.)

• The Catholic Church Splits (July 16, 1054
  Present)
• The Issues
• The power of the Pope
• Marriage of clergy
• Images
• Mode of baptism
• How they differ today
• The Eastern church or the Greek Orthodox church
• 4 Patriarchs of equal authority
• Leaven bread
• Immersion
• Permits clergy to marry (unless you want to be
  a bishop)
• Only flat pictures
• No use of musical instruments in worship

65
The Growth of Papal Power (787 1517 A.D.)

• Opposition to the Papacy and Catholicism
• The Catharists (9Th Century) pure
• Opposed the Roman hierarchy, accepted the
  scriptures as their only authority, claimed to be
  the only true Christians in their generation and
  lived puritanical lives.
• Read the scripture aloud and had the Lord Supper
  every Sunday refused infant baptism, baptizing
  only believers rejected all human authority, had
  no formal creed or confession, denounced the
  ignorance and vice of the clergy.
• Thousands put to death as heretics
• Chief mistake was they hung on the ideas of the
  early Gnostics (Dualism, asceticism and
  celibacy).
• Some scholars wonder, however, from the
  emphasis they placed on the scriptures, that if
  some of the splinter groups restored N. T.
  Christianity.

66
The Growth of Papal Power (787 1517 A.D.)

• Opposition to the Papacy and Catholicism
• Arnold of Brescia (1100 1155)
• From his study of the scriptures he
• Taught scriptural baptism and Lords Supper
• Opposed the clergy.
• He was hanged as a heretic, his body burned and
  the ashes thrown in the Tiber River.
• Peter of Bruys (? 1130)
• Priest
• Denounce Catholicism, taking the N. T. as his
  only guide.
• He gained great crowds of followers who under
  his leadership tore down altars and images.
• One Good Friday built a fire of wooden
  crucifixes and cooked meat to show his contempt
  of Friday meat regulations.
• Taught priests could marry and wanted worship to
  be like the simple worship of the N.T.
• Died in prison

67
The Growth of Papal Power (787 1517 A.D.)

• Opposition to the Papacy and Catholicism
• Peter Waldo and the Waldenses (? 1179)
• Wealthy merchant of Lyons who about the year
  1160 began to study the Bible.
• Persuaded a group of monks to translate the N.T.
  and certain teachings of the Apostolic Fathers
  into French.
• Organized the Poor Men of Lyons (sold all they
  had and went about preaching the gospel and
  studying the Bible).
• At first had no intention to leave the Catholic
  church but as they studied they taught against
• Ordination of priests
• Purgatory
• Worshipping of saints
• Sacredotalism
• Any authority above the scriptures
• Died while hiding in the mountains of Bohemia.

68
The Growth of Papal Power (787 1517 A.D.)

• Opposition to the Papacy and Catholicism
• Albigenses
• Catharists who converted the town of Albi.
• So quickly was their number increasing the
  Catholic Church offered special rewards to anyone
  who would leave his occupation for forty days and
  fight against them.
• Fifty thousand marched against the unprepared
  and unarmed town and 23,000 were massacred, the
  city reduced to ashes.
• Persecutions continued until nearly 2/3 of
  Southern France were killed.
• Large numbers escaped to the mountains where
  descendants still live today as a Protestant
  group.
• The Inquisition

69
The Protestant Reformation (1517 1800 A.D.)

• The specific abuses that precipitated the
  Reformation of the Sixteenth century.
• Celibacy widespread immorality among the clergy
• Simony
• One-third of the wealth of Europe in terms of
  real estate belonged to the church.
• Church taxed its members.
• The clergy paid dues to the Pope to hold office
  priests reimburse themselves by charging
  exorbitant fees.
• Selling of church offices.

70
The Protestant Reformation (1517 1800 A.D.)

• The specific abuses that precipitated the
  Reformation of the Sixteenth century.
• Indulgences
• When one sinned satisfaction had to be made both
  in heaven and on earth.
• Penance heaven
• Indulgence earth Treasury of merits
• Purgatory As soon as a coin in the coffer
  rings, another soul from purgatory springs.
• Salesmen A license to sin
• Hagiolatry
• Saints and relics
• Simple faith in the blood of Christ was gone.

71
The Protestant Reformation (1517 1800 A.D.)

• Early Reform movements
• Nationalism, individualism, democracy and the
  Renaissance.
• William of Occam (1300 1349) taught the pope
  was not infallible and that a General council was
  need above the Pope.
• John Wycliffe (1320 1384) The morning star of
  the reformation
• Translated the Bible into English.
• Taught that there only two offices in the church
  elders and deacons.
• Referred to the Pope as the Anti-Christ.
• Taught against
• Transubstantiation
• Purgatory
• Sacraments
• If there were one hundred Popes and all the
  friars were turned into Cardinals their opinion
  ought not to be acceded to in matters of faith
  except in so far as they based themselves upon
  Scripture.
• 1428 bones burned and ashes thrown in the
  Severn River.

72
The Protestant Reformation (1517 1800 A.D.)

• Early Reform movements
• John Huss (1373- 1415)
• He strongly opposed the doctrine of indulgences
  and encouraged a return to the study of the
  Bible.
• Burned at the stake, but his death resulted in
  the Moravian church.
• Girolama Savonarola (1452 1498)
• Monk who preached from the Bible!
• Taught God would destroy Catholic Church if it
  would not repent.
• He was offered cardinalship I prefer a hat of
  blood to the hat of a Cardinal.
• He was tortured, hanged and burned.

73
The Protestant Reformation (1517 1800 A.D.)

• Early Reform movements
• Ximes (1436 1517)
• Head of the Franciscan order of monks.
• Used his appointment by Queen Isabella of Spain,
  as chief advisor, to clean up the church.
• Published the first Parallel Bible (Hebrew,
  Greek, and Latin).
• Erasmus (1466 1536) Laid the egg that Luther
  hatched.
• Study of the Church Fathers
• First printed Greek New Testament showed
  inadequacy of the Latin Vulgate

74
The Protestant Reformation (1517 1800 A.D.)

• The German Reformation
• The immediate cause for the reformation in
  Germany was an arrangement between Pope Leo X and
  Prince Albert who was Archbishop of two Roman
  provinces but was also eager to fill an
  additional vacant archbishop position. The Pope
  and the Prince worked together to issue a law
  authorizing the sale of indulgences in Germany.
• John Tetzel master salesman of the
  Confessional Letter.
• Why Luther could succeed
• The Renaissance had spread to such an extent
  that through a revival of interest in study of
  the Scripture many people were aware of the fact
  that the church of the New Testament was far
  different from the RCC.
• The corruption of the hierarchy was well
  known.
• The rise of intellectual freedom cause people
  to think for themselves.
• Secular rulers were willing to support
  opposition to the Pope.

75
The Protestant Reformation (1517 1800 A.D.)

• The German Reformation
• Martin Luther
• Born 1483 to a poor family but because of keen
  intellect eventually got a Masters degree and
  soon became a lawyer.
• He became interested in his soul and in 1505
  became a very devout monk.
• He never felt any satisfaction religiously and
  began to study his Bible especially the writings
  of Paul.
• His study revealed to him the grace of God and
  by the year 1508, he had come to the conclusion
  that the Catholic Church and its system of
  works righteousness were contrary to the New
  Testament.

76
The Protestant Reformation (1517 1800 A.D.)

• The German Reformation
• October 31, 1517, Luther nailed his ninety-five
  theses on the church door at Wittenburg, in which
  he set forth his opposition to indulgences and
  offered to debate any who differed with him.
• June 27, 1519 debated John Eck (bottom line
  Pope vs. the scriptures)
• 1520 Luther was excommunicated but Luther burned
  the paper in the middle of town.
• Made use of the printing press to publish tracts
  that attacked the wrongs of the church

77
The Protestant Reformation (1517 1800 A.D.)

• The German Reformation
• 1521 Diet of Worms
• Unless I am convinced by Scripture and plain
  reason - I do not accept the authority of the
  popes and councils, for they have contradicted
  each other - my conscience is captive to the Word
  of God. I cannot and I will not recant anything
  for to go against conscience is neither right nor
  safe. God help me. Here I stand. I cannot do
  otherwise."
• Translated the New Testament into German and
  continued to preach.
• The Diet of Speier, 1526, 1529 (protest)
• 1530 Augsburg Confession of faith

78
The Protestant Reformation (1517 1800 A.D.)

• The German Reformation
• 1546 Luther died and the Lutheran church was
  formed putting emphasis on conformity to the
  creed rather than scripture.
• 1555 The Peace of Augsburg
• Luther laid down four basic principles of
  Protestantism
• Justification by faith
• The priesthood of all believers
• The right of the individual to interpret
  scripture
• The final authority in religion is the
  scripture itself, rather than the authority of
  the church.

79
The Protestant Reformation (1517 1800 A.D.)

• The Swiss Reformation
• Zwingli (1484 1531)
• A parish priest in Zurich who began to study
  the Greek New Testament.
• He spoke against indulgences and statue worship
• Contrary to standard He began to preach just
  using his Bible
• After reading the works of Luther, he resign
  his position as priest in 1520 and began to
  criticize the Catholic system.
• Married Anna Reinhard
• Condemnation of all things not justified by
  scripture
• Began a series of debates with the city council
  as judge.
• After the debates the church in Zurich
• Justification by faith
• Simple Lord Supper
• Sainthood of all believers
• Clergy marry
• Services in language of the people
• No instruments of music

80
The Protestant Reformation (1517 1800 A.D.)

• The Swiss Reformation
• Almost joined forces with Luther but could not
  agree with Luthers Consubstantiation. (Mk.
  1422-25)
• 1525 wrote A Commentary on True and False
  Religions. (Here he disagreed with Luther even
  more. Luther removed only what the Bible
  condemns, but Zwingli would approve only what he
  found set forth in scripture.)
• Made great strides toward renewing N. T.
  Christianity
• Killed in battle by the Army of the Catholic
  Church. His followers merged with the followers
  of Calvin to create the Reformed Churches of
  Switzerland.

81
The Protestant Reformation (1517 1800 A.D.)

• The Swiss Reformation
• John Calvin
• Born 1509 to wealthy parents who thoroughly
  educated him.
• 1536 wrote The Institutes of the Christian
  Religion
• Calvinism T. U. L. I. P.
• Presbyterian form of government
• 1541 became dictator of the city of Geneva
• Executed 56 men who disagreed with him and
  banished 76
• Developed a spy system to totally regulate
  lives of the people.
• Started the college of Geneva, which greatly
  influence the world.
•  

82
The Protestant Reformation (1517 1800 A.D.)

• The Swiss Reformation
• The Anabaptists
• Believers baptism
• Persecuted by both Catholics and Lutherans
• Made major strides in returning to New
  Testament pattern, but held false views on Holy
  Spirit, second coming of Christ (1533 at
  Strassbourg) and polygamy.
• Nearly completely wipe out by execution in 1536
• Small group that survive began following Meno
  Simons and called themselves, The Brethren.
• Eventually became know as the Mennonite
  church with divisions forming the Quakers and
  the Baptists.
• 1559 over three hundred thousand Protestants in
  France the Bible translated into French the
  beginning of the religious wars

83
The Protestant Reformation (1517 1800 A.D.)

• The English Reformation
• The church of England
• Henry VIII
• William Tyndale burned alive (open the eyes
  of the King of England)
• Edward (1552 The Second Book of Prayer)
• Bloody Mary
• Elizabeth
• The King James Version
• The rise of denominations in England
• The Dutch reformers became the Congregational
  church.
• The Scotch reformers became the Presbyterian
  Church (John Knox).
• The Anabaptists became the Baptists (Thomas
  Helwys).
• Followers of John Wesley became the Methodist
  church.

84
The Protestant Reformation (1517 1800 A.D.)

• Roman reaction to the Reformation
• Before the Council of Trent
• Change corruption not religion
• Study to disprove Protestants
• Pope Paul III selected nine cardinals to survey
  and report on the true condition of the church.
• The council of Trent (1563)
• Tradition is of equal authority with scripture.
• The Latin Vulgate (including the Apocrypha) is
  the only authoritative text.
• The interpretation of scripture is to be done
  by the church not the individual.
• Justification is by both faith and good works.
• All the sacraments are valid (Priests are still
  mediators).
• Indulgences are to be sold but will be granted
  by performing meritorious service.
• The existence of purgatory is reaffirmed.
• Images are to be used as aids but not objects
  of worship.
• Saints are mediators for special services.
• Priests must now submit to a six-year course of
  study.
• The imprimatur stamp.

85
The Protestant Reformation (1517 1800 A.D.)

• Denominationalism transferred to America
• Catholicism (1634)
• The church of England (1607)
• Jamestown, VA
• William and Mary College (1693)
• Puritans and Congregationalists (1620)
• Presbyterians (1620)
• Baptists (Roger Williams, 1633)
• Methodists (1784)
• Other religious bodies
• By 1957, 315 different denominations.
• From the Reformation until now the tendency has
  been to divide into more and more denominations.
• Unity proposals
• Authoritarian
• Interdenominational
• Undenominational