Time Period 1

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Time Period 1 Then Some

• The Dawn of Civilization
• (Prehistory 300CE)

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Themes of History

• There are 8 common themes that connect people
  society throughout history.

1. Arts Ideas
2. Belief Systems
3. Economic System
4. Geography Environment
5. Government Citizenship
6. Migration Diffusion
7. Science Technology
8. Society

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History

• History is the study of man the human
  experience
• Prehistory Before writing
• History Writing
• Historians anthropologists learn about past
  societies by studying culture artifacts.
• Culture A societys knowledge, art, beliefs,
  customs values
• Artifacts Man made objects from the past
• Ex clay pots, coins, tools, etc.

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Key Discoveries

• Donald Johnson
• Lucy Partial skeleton proving that man walked
  upright at least 3mya
• Mary Louis Leakey
• Laetoli Footprints 3.5mya earliest evidence
  that man walked upright

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Early Hominids (Early Man)
Homo Habilis
Australopithecine

• Southern Ape
• 4-5mya in Africa
• Upright
• Walked on 2 legs

• Handy Man
• 2.4mya in Africa
• Simple stone tools

Homo Sapiens
Homo Erectus

• Wise Man
• 200,000ya in Africa
• Same as modern man
• Migrated around the world
• Created fire

• Upright Man
• 2-1.5mya in Africa
• Stone tools axe
• Controlled fire
• Migrated out of Africa

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Human Migration (Movement)

• It is believed that humans first appeared in
  Africa
• About 200,000ya, early man began to move out of
  Africa
• To Asia, Australia, Europe the Americas
• The Ice Age made this movement possible
• Created frozen land bridges that connected the
  continents

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The Stone Ages (2.5mya 3,000bce)

• Paleolithic Age
• (2.5mya 10,000ya)

• Neolithic Era
• (8000 3000bce)

• AKA The Stone Age
• Major Advancements Tools
• People
• Nomads Moved from place to place following food
• Hunter-Gatherers Men hunted women gathered
  plants/berries
• Technology Specialized tools, clothing
  shelter
• Art Cave paintings, stone carvings
• Religion Animism the belief that all things
  in nature have a spirit

• AKA The New Stone Age
• Major Advancements Farming better tools
• Neolithic Revolution (10,000ya)
• Development of agriculture farming!!
• Domestication of plants animals
• Domestication selective breeding of plants
  animals to be more useful to humans
• People
• Pastoralists Herded live stock
• Some began to create settlements
• Technology farming tools, pottery, weaving
• Religion More formalized w/gods

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CAUSES
EFFECTS

• 10,000ya end of Ice Age
• Warmer climate new plants
• Man learned to farm

NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION (man begins to farm)

• Domestication of plants animals
• New farming tools
• Larger more stable food supply
• Early settlements farming villages
• Pastoralists herd animals

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The Bronze Age (3,000bce)

• Man begins to use bronze tools
• Bronze is metal that is stronger than copper

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From Villages to Cities

• Improved farming techniques (irrigation) led to a
  surplus (extra) in food supply
• Extra food meant less people were needed to farm
• Other people could focus on different jobs
• Pottery making, weaving, etc.
• Specialization Being really good at what you do
• Division of Labor Each person has a specific
  job
• Leads to trade

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Traditional Economy

• Type of economy in early farming villages
• An economy based on customs traditions
• Ex farmers trade food for pottery or blankets
• Still around today
• Ex S. American tribes, tribes in Africa, the
  Amish

13
Civilization Complex organized society. Most
early civilizations formed around rivers!

• Developed Cities
• Social Economic institutions

• Art Architecture
• Monuments, statues, pictures

• Organized Govt.
• Created laws, taxed, oversaw construction

• Record Keeping Writing
• Taxes, crop output
• Writing beliefs ideas

7 Characteristics of Civilization

• Formalized Religion
• Ceremonies, rituals, religious leaders

• Social Classes
• Social order based on occupation

• Specialized Labor
• Farmers, tax collectors, builders

• Artisans skilled craftsmen
• Pottery, weaving,

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Changes in Civilizations

• Early civilizations relied on the environment
  began to trade for things they did not have
• As people traded, they began to share ideas
• Cultural Diffusion Sharing adopting new
  ideas, skills, beliefs.
• As civilizations continued to grow, they began to
  compete with each other for resources, often
  leading to warfare

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The Fertile Crescent

• Fertile land between the Mediterranean Sea the
  Persian Gulf.
• Due to the nutrient rich soil, many civilizations
  emerged
• Fertile soil good for farming!!
• Civilization is dependent on geography
• 2 major rivers run through the Fertile Crescent
• Tigris Euphrates Rivers
• Mesopotamia Land between the rivers

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Sumerian Civilization

• Settled in Sumer
• Cities developed around 3,000bce
• Used mud bricks (example of how geography
  influence society)
• City-states developed
• Political unit with a government
• Ziggurats were temples at the center of each
  city-states
• Pyramid shaped

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Sumerian Religion Govt.

• Religion was the center of life
• Polytheism Belief in many gods
• Usually controlled nature, protected each
  city-state, were like humans
• Priests initially governed city-states enjoyed
  high status
• Successful war chiefs became kings formed
  dynasties
• Dynasty rulers from the same family

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Sumerian Culture

• Math Sciences
• Number system based on 60
• Used geometry to build cities
• irrigation systems
• Invented wheel plow
• Basic surgery

• Arts
• Ramps, arches,
• Columns
• Cylinder seals

• Trade Society
• Traded with other societies
• Traders became wealthy
• Class systems

• Writing
• 1st writing system
• Cuneiform
• Used stylus on clay tablets
• Epic of Gilgamesh
• Gilgamesh Interactive

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Mesopotamian Empires
Akkadians
Babylonians
Hittites

• Ruled by Sargon I
• 1st permanent Army
• 1st Empire
• Empire Large area w/
• many different people

• Ruled by Hammurabi
• Taxed traded
• Hammurabis Code
• 1st set of written laws
• punishments
• Adapted ways of
• previous empires

• Strong military with
• Chariots
• Began ironworking
• Adapted ways of
• previous empires

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Hanging Gardens of Babylon
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Mesopotamian Empires (Contd)
Assyrians
Chaldeans
Phoenicians

• Military power with iron
• weapons very harsh
• System of roads
• Kings ruled through
• Local leaders
• Library of Nineveh had
• 20,000 cuneiform tablets

• Babylon was the capital
• Nebuchadnezzar II
• Built Hanging
• Gardens
• Calendar based on phases
• of the moon
• Used astronomy to
• predict weather

• Wealthy trading society
• Expert sailors
• Dominated trade
• Explored
• Alphabet
• Influenced Greek
• English language

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The Hebrews

• Ancestors of the Jews
• Traced back to Abraham
• Torah Sacred religious book
• 1st 5 books of the Old Testament
• The Torah states that God promised the Hebrews
  the promised land of Canaan
• Modern day Israel
• Abraham led people to Canaan land was divided
  into the 12 Tribes
• 1 for each of Abrahams sons
• Patriarchs Ancestral fathers of modern
  Israelites
• Abraham his sons

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Egypt the Hebrews

• As the Hebrews became powerful, the kings of
  Egypt feared enslaved them
• The Exodus Moses led the Hebrew slaves back to
  the promised land
• 40 years in the desert
• Moses asked prayed for help was given the 10
  Commandments
• Moral laws
• After reaching Canaan, Israel became very
  powerful, but divided around 722bce
• Diaspora Movement of Jews outside of the
  promised land

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Judaism

• Monotheistic Belief on only 1 God
• Believed to be the 1st monotheistic religion
• Believed in
• Justice righteousness
• Obedience to the law
• 10 Commandments
• Mosaic laws govern worship prayers

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The Persian Empire

• Cyrus the Great Created the largest empire in
  the ancient world
• He allowed the many different people to keep
  their customs cultures
• Darius I Rebuilt Persian Empire after Cyrus
  death
• Created permanent army
• Satraps governors of certain regions w/i the
  empire
• It was too big for Darius to rule on his own
• Xerxes Last strong ruler of Persia

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Zoroastrianism

• New religion based on dualism
• Dualism Belief that the world is controlled by
  two forces good v evil!!
• People have free will can choose to act as they
  please
• Declined after Persian Empire declined
• However, ideas are still around today
  influenced many other religions

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Persian Achievements

• Blended cultures
• Cultural diffusion.
• Road system
• Help rulers communicate with regions around
  empire
• Easy for military to move around empire
• Art
• Gold cups
• Stone carvings
• Columns

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Ancient Egypt

• Civilization developed along the Nile River in
  Africa
• Longest river in the world
• Very fertile soil (silt) deposited when Nile
  flooded
• Delta area around the mouth of the river
• Richest soil
• Divided into two kingdoms
• Upper Egypt
• Lower Egypt Near delta
• Menes United Upper Lower Egypt

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Basics of Egypt

• Pharaohs Egyptian kings
• Seen as gods
• Theocracy Govt. ruled by religious figures
• Pharaohs were god-like
• The Pharaoh counted on many people to help
  him/her rule
• Bureaucracy Structured system of govt.
  officials
• Vizier Most powerful Pharaohs main advisor

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Significant Pharaohs

• Hatshepsut Only female pharaoh of Egypt
• Took over when husband died
• Funded huge long distant trading expositions
• Akhenaten Changed Egyptian religion to
  monotheistic
• Worship only 1 god (Aten sun god)
• Ramses the Great Made peace with the Hittites
• Most building projects

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Egyptian Religion

• Mainly polytheistic
• Osiris Judge of the Dead
• Isis Goddess of nature protector of women
• Horus God of the sky
• Anubis Protector of the dead
• Amon-Re King of the Gods
• Obelisks Tall pillars with detailed carvings
• Priests cared for the gods common people played
  no role
• Believed in an afterlife

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Mummification

• Process to preserve the body from decaying
• How Egyptians prepared their pharaohs for the
  afterlife
• Pyramids Burial tombs for the pharaohs
• Size does matterthe bigger the pyramid, the more
  powerful the pharaoh

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Egyptian Life

• Class System
• Govt. officials priests, doctors scribes
  (writers)
• Artisans merchants
• Peasant farmers (90)
• Women had more rights in Egypt than anywhere else
  in the ancient world
• Worked outside the home!!
• Leisure time spent like we do
• Played games, ate, swimming

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Egyptian Writing
.
.

• Hieroglyphics Egyptian form of writing that
  used symbols
• Papyrus Plant that was made into paper for
  writing
• Rosetta Stone Ancient stone with 3 different
  languages
• Hieroglyphics, demonic, Greek
• Unlocked the key to translating hieroglyphics
  other ancient texts

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Art, Science, Math

• Huge pyramids temples
• The Great Sphinx
• Huge statue 65 feet high!!
• Basic math advanced geometry
• Studied human anatomy
• Heal broken bones, remove tumors, basic surgery

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Ancient India

• India is a subcontinent
• Subcontinent Large land mass that is part of a
  continent
• India is part of the Asian continent
• Two major rivers helped support Indian
  civilization
• Indus River
• Ganges River
• Monsoons Seasonal winds
• Summer warm, rainy months
• Winter cool, drier months

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Indus Valley Civilization

• Cities
• Well planned with roads in a grid system
• Sewer system
• Economy
• Based on agriculture trade
• Society
• Varnas Four social classes, which were divided
  into hundreds of smaller classes called castes.

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Hinduism

• Religion practiced by most Indians, even today
• Believe that life is a pattern of birth, death
  rebirth
• Reincarnation process of being reborn
• Dharma Set of spiritual duties
• Achieving dharma frees one from the cycle of
  rebirth (moksha)
• 3 sacred texts
• The Vedas
• Writings inspired by the Vedas
• Sacred epics (long heroic poems)

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Jainism

• Less ritualistic than Hinduism
• Can achieve moksha by giving up all worldly
  possession carefully controlling actions
• Strive to eliminate greed, anger, gossip, etc.
  from their lives

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Buddhism

• Based on the teaching of Siddhartha Gautama, aka
  Buddha
• Four Noble Truths the Eightfold Path are
  essential to Buddhas teachings
• All centered around overcoming suffering
• Nirvana, a state of perfect peace, could be
  obtained by following the Eightfold Path
• Freedom from suffering
• Middle Way To live in moderation avoid
  excesses
• Spread around the world

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Ancient China

• As with other ancient civilizations, two major
  rivers supported society in ancient China
• Yangzi River
• Huang He (Yellow) River
• As the rivers flooded they deposited rich soil
  called Loess
• Just like the Nile left silt

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Shang Dynasty (1766BCE)

• 1st dynasty of China
• Governed by a bureaucracy
• A system of governors
• Most of what is known about the Shang came from
  exploring tombs
• Afterlife b/c prisoners were buried with royals
• Achievements
• Writing
• Bronze works
• Architects
• Astronomy Calendars
• Money

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Zhou Dynasty (1100BCE)

• Ruled by the Mandate of Heaven
• The gods would support a just ruler not allow
  the corrupt to govern
• Dynastic Cycle Rise fall of dynasties
• Just dynasties lasted those that were corrupt
  collapsed
• Achievements
• Iron working (stronger cheaper than bronze)
• Army
• Roads canals
• Coins
• Chopsticks

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New Philosophies
Confucianism
Daoism

• Based on the teachings of Confucius
• People should show love respect for each other
  by honoring traditions rituals
• Respect for tradition would restore stability to
  life society

• Based on the teachings of Laozi
• Encouraged people to reject the laws of man
  respect the laws of nature
• Yin-Yang Balance of nature
• Male Female
• Black White
• Hot Cold