Cold War Part II

1
Cold War Part II
2
The Arms Race
3
The race begins.

• Both countries began developing their weapons so
  as to be able to outgun their opponents. This
  meant
• developing more powerful weapons
• Having more of one weapon than the other side
• WHY NUCLEAR WEAPONS?
• Cheaper than having a large army
• They were a deterrent. The idea was to have so
  many missiles that they could not all be
  destroyed. If one side attacked then it knew that
  the other could retaliate. This was known as MAD
  MUTUAL ASSURED DESTRUCTION.
• For some the Arms Race was a test of the
  strengths of Capitalism v communism

4
What the US had
What the Soviets had
76 IBMs 700 Medium range bombers 1,600
bombers 38,000 Tanks 12 Nuclear submarines 495
Conventional submarines 0 Battleships and
cruisers

• 450 ICBMs (intermediate-range ballistic missile)
• 250 Medium range missiles
• 2,260 Bombers
• 16,000Tanks
• 32 Nuclear submarines
• 260 Conventional submarines
• 76 Battleships and carriers

5
Dates of the nuclear arms race, 1945 - 1960
1945 USA tests and drops the first atomic (A)
bombs 1949 USSR tests A bomb 1952 USA tests
its first hydrogen (H) bomb (hydrogen is 2,500
times more powerful then the bomb dropped on
Hiroshima.) 1953 USSR tests its first H
bomb 1957 USSR 1. tests ICBM capable of
carrying an H bomb from USSR to USA 2. puts the
space satellite Sputnik into orbit.
6

• 1958 USA
• Places IRBMs targeted on USSR in NATO countries.
  Both sides could now launch direct attacks on
  each others cities
• Launches its own satellite
• 1960 USA launches first nuclear powered
  submarine capable of firing a Polaris missile
  with an atomic warhead from underwater

7
In 1949, the U.S. learned that the Soviet Union
also possessed atomic weapons.
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vBz3t4LcXwtE
8
(No Transcript)
9
(No Transcript)
10
Barry McGuire

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vtWDVl-QgM7M

11
First man in space

• In 1961 Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet cosmonaut was the
  first man to orbit the earth the Soviets had
  the lead. For Khrushchev it was a triumph for
  communism
• Score USA 0
• Soviets - 2

12
Apollo program

• USA spent the 60s trying to catch up to the
  Soviets.

13
Armstrong lands on moon!
14
Cuban Missile Crisis
15
1959 - Castro takes power

• January 1, 1959 leftist forces under Fidel Castro
  overthrow Fulgencio Batista
• Castro nationalizes the sugar industry and signs
  trade agreements with the Soviet Union.
• The next year, Castro seizes U.S. assets on the
  island.

16
Post Revolution

• Rents were reduced to historically low levels.
  Wage and price controls were also implemented,
  and the Agrarian Reform Law was passed in May.
  With this, the largest estates on the island were
  confiscated and redistributed in smaller parcels
  to small farmers or cooperatives.
• Castro also began to implement major social
  reforms such as a literacy program, which would
  eventually assure that all Cubans could read and
  write, the construction of hospitals and public
  housing, and providing education and health care
  universally for free.

17

• What do some of those reforms sound like?

18
Khruschev Embraces Castro,1961
19
Bay of Pigs Invasion
The U.S. became worried as Cuba received
increased amounts of aid from the Soviet Union.
In 1961, President John F. Kennedy approved of
a plan to overthrow Castros government with the
help of Cuban exiles.
20
The exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs in
Southern Cuba where they were easily defeated by
Cuban forces, strengthening Fidel Castro and
embarrassing the United States.
Fidel Castro, parading through the streets of
Havana after his victory against Cuban
expatriates in the Bay of Pigs invasion. (1961)
21
The Cuban Missile Crisis

• The Soviet Union began to build missile bases in
  Cuba, worrying Americans that we were vulnerable
  to attack.

22
A U2 spy plane found these missile silos in Cuba,
1962.
23
Soviet-Cuban Construction
24
Range of the Cuban Missiles
25
Global Thermal Nuclear War?
26

• Upon approaching Cuba, the Soviet boats turned
  back.

• Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev agreed to remove
  Soviet missiles from Cuba, and the U.S. agreed
  not to invade Cuba.

27
"I found myself in the difficult position of
having to decide on a course of action which
would answer the American threat but which would
also avoid war.  Any fool can start a war, and
once he's done so, even the wisest of men are
helpless to stop it-- especially if its a nuclear
war. - Nikita Khrushchev
28
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and
the other man blinked!
29
End to a crisis!

• The Soviets removed the missiles in Cuba.
• In exchange, USA pledged to not invade Cuba
  again. And to remove missiles in Turkey (right).

30
BERLIN WALL

• 1961
• Divides East and West Berlin

31
During the period from 1961 to 1989. In the years
between 1949 and 1961, about 2.5 million East
Germans had fled from East to West Germany,
including steadily rising numbers of skilled
workers, professionals, and intellectuals. Their
loss threatened to destroy the economic viability
of the East German state. In response, East
Germany built a barrier to close off East
Germans access to West Berlin (and hence West
Germany). This barrier, the Berlin Wall, was
first erected on the night of August 1213, 1961,
as the result of a decree passed on August 12 by
the East German Volkskammer (Peoples Chamber).
32
The Brandenburg Gate, as seen through a
barbed-wire barrier that represented the earliest
version of the Berlin Wall. John WatermanFox
Photos/Hulton Archive/Getty Images
33
The original wall, built of barbed wire and
cinder blocks, was subsequently replaced by a
series of concrete walls (up to 15 feet high)
that were topped with barbed wire and guarded
with watchtowers, gun emplacements, and mines. By
the 1980s this system of walls, electrified
fences, and fortifications extended 28 miles (45
km) through Berlin, dividing the two parts of the
city, and extended a further 75 miles (120 km)
around West Berlin, separating it from the rest
of East Germany.
34
(No Transcript)
35
(No Transcript)
36
Berlin, Checkpoint Charlie. October 1961
37
Berlin, Checkpoint CharlieView from West to East Berlin, 1961
38
The Brezhnev Years

• Brezhnev replaced Khruschev in 1964 and ruled the
  USSR until his death in 1982.
• Although he did not reinstate the terror of the
  Stalin era, he did seek to once again strengthen
  the role of the Communist party bureaucracy and
  the KGB.
• Brezhnev also clamped down on reform movements in
  the E. European satellite states and called for a
  new cold war.

39
War in Vietnam

• U.S., with huge military might, invaded tiny
  country but lost.
• 7,000,000 tons of bombs dropped
• Almost one 500 pound bomb for each person in
  Vietnam.

40
Why was the U.S. involved?

• French colony until the French were defeated in
  1954
• Geneva Accords divided country into North and
  Southcommunist North.
• U.S. installs Ngo Dinh Diem as leader (dictator)
• Democratic elections slated for two yearsnever
  happened

41
Why was the U.S. involved?

• Opposition to Diem regime grew
• A few landlords became rich, but peasants grew
  poorer
• In 1960, National Liberation Front (NLF) formed.
  Included many groups, most not communist
• In 1963, Diem assassinated in military coup
  (supported by U.S.)

42
Conflict escalates

• Generals could not suppress NLF
• In 1964, Gulf of Tonkin.
• Allegedly, U.S. ship Maddox attacked
• Later, Pentagon Papers suggest that incident was
  staged, though many dont agree
• Congressional Tonkin Resolution gives President
  power to use force

43
Bombing (and protest) begins

• In 1965, D.C. protest attracts 25,000
• By 1968, 500,000 American troops on the ground
• War polarizes the nationtakes down LBJ
• In 1968, Nixon proposes vietnamization

44
Horrors of war

• My Lai massacre68
• Over 500 civilians intentionally killed
• In 1969, the story broke in the NYT
• William Calley, the Unit leader, convicted
• Nixon commuted sentence

45
May 1968 Protest in France

• Started by students,
• Moved to workers (over 11 million)- 22 of the
  population
• What caused it- Algeria, time period, people
  dissatisfied
• Result- De Gaulle steps down

46
(No Transcript)
47
Czechoslovakia The Prague Spring, 1968
48

• 1948 Czechoslovakia becomes a communist state
• By 1967, many people felt their communist leaders
  were out of touch with the problems they were
  facing
• Standard of living was falling
• Trade was doing badly
• People who publically disagreed with the
  government were put into prison
• Leaders of student demonstrations were beaten

49
Antonin Novotny

• Process of de-Stalinisation began in
  Czechoslovakia in the late 1950s and into the
  1960s
• Proclaimed the completion of socialism and the
  constitution.
• Adopted the name Czechoslovak Socialist Republic

50
Writers

• As the strict regime eased its rules, the
  cautiously began to air discontent, and in the
  union's gazette, , members suggested that
  literature should be independent of Party
  doctrine.

51
Economy

• Underwent an economic downturn
• The Soviet model of industrialization applied
  poorly to Czechoslovakia
• Czechoslovakia was already quite industrialised
  before WWII and the Soviet model mainly took into
  account less developed economies
• Novotný's attempt at restructuring the economy,
  the 1965 New Economic Model, spurred increased
  demand for political reform as well.

52
Prague Spring

• January 1968, new leader of the Czech communist
  party was elected Alexander Dubcek
• He replaced the cruel and repressive leader
  Antonin Novotny
• Dubcek brought reform

53
(No Transcript)
54
Prague Spring reforms

• Relaxed government control of industry left
  decision making to managers and workers
• Ended censorship of the press
• Czechs were free to travel to other countries
• Czechs were allowed to hold political meetings
  inside Czechoslovakia
• The Communist Party held meetings with non
  communists
• Remained a member of Warsaw pact

55
Reaction of the USSR

• Brezhnev was alarmed by what was happening
• Soviets held military manoeuvres near Czech
  border
• Warsaw pact countries held military exercises
  inside Czechoslovakia
• Dubcek met with Brezhnev and other communist
  leaders, promising that the Communists would
  remain in control, they would remain in the
  Warsaw pact and that the Czech press would not
  criticise the USSR

56

• Brezhnev was not convinced and was afraid that
  Dubceks reforms might be copied by other Eastern
  Bloc countries
• Both Romania and Yugoslavia assured Dubcek of
  their support

57
Brezhnev acts

• August 21st 1968, 500 000 Warsaw pact troops
  marched in and took control of Prague and other
  Czech cities
• Dubcek was captured and sent to Moscow (in the
  USSR)
• Reforms of the Prague Spring were cancelled
  before Dubcek was allowed to return to Czech
• Eventually Dubcek was replaced as leader by
  Gustav Husak

58
(No Transcript)
59
Key Players in the Cold War Leaders of Russia
Joseph Stalin

Leonid Brezhnev
Nikita Kruchev
Mikhail Gorbachev
60
Harry Truman was elected as the 33rd president of
the United States. Truman had a very strong
belief in containing Communism. The theory of
Containment was the hallmark of the Truman
administration. Illustrated by the U.S.
involvement in the Berlin Airlift, becoming a
member of NATO, enacted the Marshall Plan, and
the establishment of the Truman Doctrine.
U.S. President from 1945-1952
61
A ruthless dictator, he was the first Cold War
Soviet Premier. Stalin played a key role in the
beginning of the Cold War by his actions at the
Yalta Conference. He promoted a sense of distrust
and competition between East and West. His
aggressive attempts to spread the Soviet Empire
elevated tensions between East and West
escalating the Cold War.
Joseph Stalin was leader of the Soviet Union from
1929 until 1953.
62

• Dwight D. Eisenhower obtained a truce in Korea
  and while trying to ease the tensions of the Cold
  War.
• "America is today the strongest, most
  influential, and most productive nation in the
  world."

U.S. President from 1952 -1960
63
Nikita Khrushchev elevated Cold War tensions by
ordering the building of the Berlin Wall as well
as providing funds and materials to communist
North Vietnam during the war. He presided over
the Cuban Missile Crisis. He was Kennedys main
adversary throughout his presidency.
leader of the Soviet Union from 1953 till 1964
64
John F. Kennedy played a key role in the Cold
War. He started aggressive American involvement
in Vietnam, as well as being involved with the
Cuban Missile Crisis, and the Bay of Pigs
invasion of Cuba, and President during the
creation of the Berlin Wall.
U.S. President from 1960-1963
65
Lyndon B. Johnson became President hours after
the assassination of John F. Kennedy. During his
campaign for re-election, Johnson promised to
withdraw troops from Vietnam. However, Johnson
violated his campaign promises and steadily
increased U.S. involvement in Vietnam, for fear
he would be the first President to lose a war.
His popularity plummeted and he did not run for
re-election.
President from 1963 - 1968
66
Richard Nixon carried out Vietnamization ending
the war and removed American troops from Vietnam.
Nixon also negotiated and signed the SALT treaty.
President from 1968 - 1974
67
(No Transcript)