Neal Turner Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology

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Protostellar Disks Birth, Life and Death
Neal Turner
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute
of Technology
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The Life of Protostellar Disks

1. Jets and Winds
2. Basic disk properties
3. Angular momentum transport
4. Evolution of the solids

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Hartigan et al. 1995 / Antoniucci et al. 2008
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McKee Ostriker 2007
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Pyo et al. 2005
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Zinnecker et al. 1998
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Takami et al. 2001
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Burrows et al. 1996
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C. Lada 1985
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Girart et al. 2006
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Tamura et al. 1999
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T. Ray et al. 1997
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Johns-Krull 2007
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Ferreira et al. 2006
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Spruit 1996
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Size of the Launching Region?
Jet power Rate of work done against the
magnetic torque (Footpoint orbital frequency)
x (Angular momentum flux)
Infer launching region lies 0.3 to 4 AU from the
star.
Assumes energy and momentum conserved along
streamlines.
Anderson et al. 2003
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Y. Kato 2004
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Outflow-Driven Turbulence 1
Nakamura Li 2007
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Outflow-Driven Turbulence 2
Cloud kinetic energy vT2 dissipates on a crossing
time R/vT, so the outflows can provide the
stirring if
i.e., if the outflow kinetic luminosity is
greater than the dissipation rate in the gas
associated with the star.
With R10 pc, vT10 km s-1, f0.01, vJ300 km s-1
and jet mass flow rate 10-7 Solar masses per
year, the outflows are sufficient to power the
turbulence.
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Basic Disk Properties
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Hartmann Kenyon 1996
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M. Simon et al. 2000
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Andrews Williams 2007
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Andrews Williams 2007
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Origins of the Surface Density Profile
In steady-state Shakura-Sunyaev a-disk,
if irradiation controls the temperature profile.
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Weidenschilling 1977
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Dullemond et al. 2007
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Dullemond et al. 2007
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Dullemond et al. 2007
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Bergin et al. 2007
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K. R. Bell et al. 1995
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Hartmann et al. 1993
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Angular Momentum Transport
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1. Gravitational Instability
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1. Gravitational Instability
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Small disturbances grow if
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Gammie 2001
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Gammie 2001
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With slower cooling, instability leads to
sustained accretion.
Mejia et al. 2005
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2. Magneto-Rotational Turbulence
Balbus Hawley 1991
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2. Magneto-Rotational Turbulence
Balbus Hawley 1991
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Gammie 1996
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Three Ways to Lose Magnetic Flux
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Ionization Processes
At 1 AU in the minimum mass Solar nebula
Stellar X-Rays
Interstellar Cosmic Rays
Short-Lived Radionuclides
Midplane ionisation is weak!
Long-Lived Radionuclides
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Wardle 2007
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MRI turbulence requires
Sano Stone 2002b
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1 mm Grains
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No Grains
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P
H. Li et al. 2001
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Lodato Clarke 2004
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Evolution of the Solids
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van Boekel et al. 2004
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van Boekel et al. 2004
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TEM image of a thin-sectioned Wild 2 grain
consisting of enstatite with exsolution lamellae
of diopside, formed from a melt (H. Leroux)
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Unresolved
Resolved
Natta et al. 2007
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Furlan et al. 2006
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Dahm Hillenbrand 2007
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Settling is rapid in a laminar disk
Dullemond Dominik 2004
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A Rough Estimate of Grain Growth Timescales
Particles settle at the terminal speed, with the
force of gravity balancing the force of the gas
molecules striking from below
Particles grow by sweeping up smaller, stationary
grains
Particles remain compact spheres.
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Settling Only
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Settling Sweeping
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Particle growth extreme cases
i 1,024
i 1,024
From J. Blum
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BPCAN2
From J. Blum
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BPCAN4
From J. Blum
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BPCAN8
From J. Blum
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BPCAN16
From J. Blum
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BPCAN32
From J. Blum
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BPCAN64
From J. Blum
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BPCAN128
From J. Blum
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BPCAN256
From J. Blum
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BPCAN512
From J. Blum
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BPCAN1024
From J. Blum
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BCCAN2
From J. Blum
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BCCAN4
From J. Blum
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BCCAN8
From J. Blum
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BCCAN16
From J. Blum
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BCCAN32
From J. Blum
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BCCAN64
From J. Blum
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BCCAN128
From J. Blum
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BCCAN256
From J. Blum
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BCCAN512
From J. Blum
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BCCAN1024
From J. Blum
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Radial Drift
Cold, Less Dense
Hot, Dense
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Radial Drift
Cold, Less Dense
Hot, Dense
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Radial Drift
Grain vvK
Cold, Less Dense
Hot, Dense
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1 AU in MMSN
Weidenschilling Cuzzi 1993
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ACOMPILATION
Cratering/Fragmentation
Erosion
EXPERIMENTS
Fragmentation?0 ? ?0
Cratering/Fragmen-tation/Accretion
Non-fractal Aggregate Sticking Compaction
Cratering/Fragmentation
Bouncing
Restructuring/Compaction
Cratering/Fragmen-tation/Accretion
Non-fractal Aggregate Growth(Hit-and-Stick)
Non-fractal Aggregate Sticking Compaction
Fractal Aggregate Growth(Hit-and-Stick)
From J. Blum
Non-fractal Aggregate Growth(Hit-and-Stick)
Erosion
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100 m
Cratering/Fragmentation
Erosion
1 m

Fragmentation?0 ? ?0

Cratering/Fragmen-tation/Accretion
Non-fractal Aggregate Sticking Compaction
Cratering/Fragmentation
Bouncing
1 cm
Restructuring/Compaction
Diameter
for compact targets only



Cratering/Fragmen-tation/Accretion
Non-fractal Aggregate Growth(Hit-and-Stick)
Non-fractal Aggregate Sticking Compaction
100 µm
Fractal Aggregate Growth(Hit-and-Stick)
Non-fractal Aggregate Growth(Hit-and-Stick)
Erosion
1 µm
Blum Wurm 2008
1 µm
100 m
100 µm
1 cm
1 m
Diameter
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Stirring by Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability
Barranco 2008
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Stirring by Magneto-Rotational Turbulence
Turner et al. 2006
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Stirring by 2-Stream Instability
Johansen et al. 2007
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The Life of Protostellar Disks

1. Jets and Winds
2. Basic disk properties
3. Angular momentum transport
4. Evolution of the solids

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