Anatomy

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• Anatomy Physiology L3Integumentary System

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Integumentary System

• I. Overview General structure composed
  of epidermis and a dermis, separated by a
  basement membrane with a subcutaneous layer
  underneath

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• General Function (5)
• 1.protective covering
• 2.regulate body temp
• 3.houses sensory receptors
• 4.synthesizes various chemicals
• 5.excretes wastes

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II. Epidermis layer

• Layers (5) of avascular stratified squamous tissue

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• 1. stratum corneum composed of dead epidermal
  cells, fully keratanized (most superficial)
• 2. stratum lucidium in the thickened skin of
  palms and soles. Contains transparent protein
  resembling keratin.

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• 3. stratum granulosum contain granules in the
  cells cytoplasm which die and become
  keratinized.
• 4. stratum spinosum a thick layer of tiny fibers
  in the cytoplasm (spiny when pulled apart)
• 5. stratum basale (basal layer) cells undergoing
  mitosis

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Keratinization

• Strands of tough, fibrous, waterproof keratin
  proteins are synthesized and stored in cells
  causing hardening.

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• epidermal cells undergo process keratinization,
  as they are pushed towards the surface
• Mitotic rate is normally EQUAL to that of those
  cells lost

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• Mitotic rate INCREASES when friction occurs
  causing
• calluses on hands and feet
• corns (keratinized masses on toes)

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• Overall Fxn Protect underlying tissues against
• Water loss (Wrinkly fingers)
• Mechanical injury
• Affects of harmful chemicals / pathogens

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Melanocytes

• Melanocytes
• Structures lying deep in the epidermis
• Produce melanin fxn is to protect underlying
  cells from UV light
• Cytocrine secretion the transfer of granules of
  melanin into nearby epidermal cells.

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Melanocytes
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III Dermal layer

• Layer of loose connective tissue binding
  epidermis to underlying tissues, such as muscles,
  adipose, etc
• Composed mainly of collagen elastin Avg.
  thickness 1-2 mm.
• 0.5 on eyelids, 3mm soles of
  feet
• Contains muscle fibers, nerve endings, and
  blood supply

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• Basic fxn
• 1. blood vessels supply nutrients to all skin
  cells
• 2. regulate body temp.

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• Nervous tissue scattered throughout the dermis
• Some carrying impulses to muscles / glands of the
  skin
• Some associated with various sensory receptors in
  the skin

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Fingerprints

• Specialized structure Dermal papillae
• Uneven ridges formed during fetal development
• NO TWO sets are exactly alike!

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IV Extension of Dermis, also called hypodermis/
3rd layer)

• Subcutaneous layer composed mainly of loose
  connective and adipose
• Layer containing majority of dermal blood vessels
• Therefore fxn insulates conserves body heat and
  impedes entrance of heat from outside

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Types of injections

• 1. IM (Intramuscularly)EX vaccinations
• 2. SubQ (subcutaneously) EX insulin
• 3. Intradermally EX TB test
• 4. Transdermally EX birth control, smoking
  patch, pain patches

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V Accessory organs of the skin

• 1. Hair follicles
• hair found almost all areas of the body
• each hair develops at base called follicle
• as newly formed cells develop and grow, older
  cells pushed towards surface and keratinize
  called hair shaft

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• hair color genetically determined
• bundle of smooth muscle and one or more sebaceous
  glands attached to each hair follicle arrector
  pili muscle

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2. Sebacious glands

• glands that secrete sebum, helping to keep skin
  and hair soft and waterproof
• In some regions, open directly to the skin
  surface
• 1. lips
• 2. corners of mouth
• 3. external reproductive parts

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None found on

• Palms
• Soles

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3. Nails

• -protective covers on the ends of fingers and
  toes (tactile)
• -undergo keratinization

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4. Sweat glandsprimary fxcool body

• Excretes wastes
• located in nearly all areas of the skin
• Each gland consists of a coiled tube, lined with
  sweat secreting epithelial cells
• Sweat is primarily composed of water, also
  containing salt and urea

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Types of sweat glands (3)

• Apocrine respond to emotional stress
• Eccrinerespond to elevated body temp.
• Specialized apocrine
• ceruminous gland-secretes earwax
• Mammary glands-secretes milk

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V. Regulation of Body Temperature

• Normal or core body temp, is about 98.6 F, 37 C)
• Heat Production and loss
• Heat is by- product of cellular respiration

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Heat

• Lost to outside environment by the following
  ways
• Evaporation
• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation1 way to cool body
• Hyperthermia vs. Hypothermia

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Problems with temperature regulation

• Humidity due to saturation
• EXhyperthermia- sweat glands activated but
  cannot evaporate sweat r/t hot humid day. Body
  temp. rises

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• At risk age groups for Temperature related
  condition
• Very young
• Very old
• Very thin

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VI. Skin Color

• Melanin Primary skin pigment. All humans have
  same concentration of melanocytes. Skin color is
  due to amt. of melanin sent to the epidermis.
• Genetics each person inherits genes for melanin
  production.

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• Environment sunlight, uv light, x-ray
• Causes existing melanin to darken and stimulate
  additional melanin production

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VII. Physiological factors

• 1. Oxygen content in blood.
• Normal / to high red blood causes pinkish look
  to skin
• Insufficient (Too low) ?02 bluish (cyanosis)

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• 2. Additional skin pigmentation
• carotene in subcut. Causes yellowish look
  (Asian)
• 3. Variety of diseases
• EX Jaundice- infants or adults with liver
  disease.

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VIII. Response to injuries

• Inflammation Is a response to injury in which
• Blood vessels dilate
• Membrane permeability increases
• Benefits of Inflammation are aid in healing by
  providing additional nutrients and 02 to tissue

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• IX. Burns

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1st degree burn

• Epidermis ONLY affected
• Redness and burning
• EX sunburn

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Epidermal (1st degree) burn
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2nd degree burn

• Damage to both the epidermis and dermis
• Damage not enough to PREVENT healing

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Dermal (2nd degree) burn
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Deep dermal (2nd degree) burn
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3rd Degree burn

• ENTIRE epidermis, dermis, and accessory organs
  destroyed
• Tissue death

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Sub-dermal (3rd degree) burn
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Skin graft
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Common disorders of the Feet
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Tinea pedis
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Acne
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Contact dermatitis
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Moles are harmless skin growths that may be flat
or protruding. They vary in color from pink flesh
tones to dark brown or black.
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Pediculosis
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Decubitus pressure ulcer (Bed sore)
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Where do pressure ulcers form?

• Where bone causes the greatest force on the skin
  and tissue.
• For bedridden persons, most pressure ulcers form
  on the lower back below the waist (sacrum), the
  hip bone (trochanter), and heels.

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Diabetic Ulcer
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Pathophysiology diabetic foot ulceration

• Neuropathy

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Eczema
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Quick Quiz 2 pts each

• 1. Name 3 of the, at least 8 fxs of integ.
  system
• 2 . List and describe the 3 layers of the skin
• 3. Name/describe top 2 ways we lose body heat
• 4. Describe keratin and keratinocytes
• 5. Describe the relationship between skin color
  and melanin

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Quick Quiz cont

• 6. Describe what a sebacious gland is/does
• 7. Describe what a sweat gland is/does
• 8. What does Vit D have to do with skin?
• 9 . Discuss the differences in 1st,2nd, 3rd
  degree burns
• 10. Discuss two factors that can influence
  diabetic ulcers and pressure ulcers