Chapter 1

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Chapter 1 Organization of the body
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An overview of Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy ? the study of the form, or structure, of
  body parts and of how these parts relate to one
  another.
• Physiology ? the functioning of the bodys
  structural machinery how the parts of the body
  work and carry out their life sustaining energy.
• i.e. the way the heart pumps blood and its
  effect on the body

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An overview of Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy comes from the Greek words to cut apart
• Anatomy is broken down in to subdivisions

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An overview of Anatomy and Physiology

• Gross anatomy is the study of large body
  structures
• i.e. heart, lungs, and kidneys
• can be seen without and examined w/o use of
  magnifying instruments
• what we do when we dissect preserved animals or
  organs

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An overview of Anatomy and Physiology

• Regional Anatomy is the study of all the various
  structures in one particular region
• The abdominal area
• Muscles, bones, nerves, blood vessels
• Systemic anatomy is when you examine the body
  system by system
• Cardiovascular system
• Heart
• Blood vessels
• Lungs

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An overview of Anatomy and Physiology

• Microscopic anatomy is the study of all the
  structures too small to be seen w/o a microscope
  aid
• Take samples and place them on a slide to study
  them
• 2 sub-divisions
• Cellular Anatomy cells of the body
• a.k.a - Cytology
• Histology the study of tissues

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An overview of Anatomy and Physiology

• Developmental Anatomy is the study of structural
  changes in an individual from conception through
  old age
• Embryology is the developmental changes only
  before birth
• Pathological Anatomy is the study of structural
  changes in body cells, tissues, and organs caused
  by disease
• Studied on gross and microscopic level

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An overview of Anatomy and Physiology

• Molecular Biology the structure of molecules
  necessary for body structure and function
• Radiographical Anatomy is the study of anatomy
  by x-rays
• We are able to evaluate patients for bone
  disorders, tumors and other conditions

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An overview of Anatomy and Physiology

• There are three things that are needed to study
  anatomy
• Observation
• Manipulation
• Anatomical Terminology

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An overview of Anatomy and Physiology

• Physiology is also broken down in to subdivisions
• Renal Physiology deals with urine production and
  kidney function
• Neurophysiology deals with the nervous system
• Cardiac physiology deals with operation of the
  heart

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An overview of Anatomy and Physiology

• Physiology usually focuses on the cellular or
  molecular level
• depends on the operation of the individual cells
  which depends on the chemical reaction
• Also uses principles of physics
• i.e. electric currents, blood pressure

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An overview of Anatomy and Physiology

• The principle of complimentary of structure and
  function
• what a structure is capable of doing depends
  critically on the its specific architecture
• i.e. blood flows in one direction because the
  heart has valves

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Hierarchy of structure

• Simplest level of the structure is the chemical
  level
• Atom the building block of matter
• Combine to form molecules
• Molecules form cells
• Become specific

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Hierarchy of structure

• Cell Level
• all cells can utilize nutrients and maintain
  their boundaries
• but certain types form more specialized features
• Examples?
• Secrete mucus, conduct nerve impulses

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Hierarchy of structure

• Tissues become the next level of hierarchy
• Composed of groups of cells
• 4 basic types of tissues
• epithelium
• muscle
• connective tissues
• nervous tissue

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Hierarchy of structure

• The organ level
• A discrete structure composed of at least two
  tissue types
• i.e. stomach
• lining is an epithelium, which produces digestive
  juices, the bulk is composed of muscle,
  connective tissues reinforce structure, and nerve
  fibers provide stimulation for digestion

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Hierarchy of structure

• The organ system
• Organ that cooperate and work closely together
  with one another
• Respiratory system
• Lungs, bronchi, trachea etc
• The Organismal level
• Highest level of Organization
• Represents the sum total of all the levels of
  complexity working together to promote life