???????????????? (Environmental Problems)

1
???????????????? (Environmental Problems)
2
????????????????????????? (Kemp, 2004)
3
???????????????? (Environmental Problems)
?????????????????????????????????????????????????

• ??????????????????? ?????????

• ???????????????????????????????

• ?????????????

• ?????????? ??? ???

• ??? ???????

4
????????????????? (Global warming)
??????????????????????????????????????????

• ?????????????????? ????????? ??????? 0.3 ?C
  ??? 0.6 ?C
• ??????????? 19
• ?????????????????? ????????? 5 ?C ?????
  20,000 ????????

5
(http//www.grida.no/climate/vital/17.htm)
???????????????????????????????????
6
??????????????????

• ???????? 4 ???? ???????????
• Troposphere ?????????????????????????
  ???????????? 11 ??. ?????????

• ????????????????????????????????????????????
• ???????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????????

7
2. Stratosphere ?????????????? troposphere
?????? ?????????????????? 50 ??. ?????????

• Ozone layer

• ??????????????????????????????????????
• ????????? O3 ?????? UV radiation

• ????? precipitation ????????

8
3. Mesosphere ?????????? stratosphere ??????
(85 ??. ?????????)

• ??????????????????????????????????????????

• ???????????? gas ????? ion

• 4. Thermosphere (Ionosphere) ???????????????????
  ?
• Mesosphere ??????
• ????????????????? ??????????????????????????????
  
• gas ????????????????? ion

9
Zone Distance from surface
Temperature
Space
1200 ?C
500 km
O2, O, NO
Thermosphere
-92 ?C
85 km
Mesosphere
-2 ?C
O2, NO
50 km
Stratosphere
O3
-56 ?C
8-16 km
15 ?C
N2, O2, CO2, H2O
Troposphere
Earths Surface
10
Global warming ????????????????????
11
??????????????????? global warming
????????????????????????? green house gases
(GHGs)
Sun ----gt radiation energy
penetrates the atmosphere and reaches the Earth
surface
Earth absorbs and radiates energy (IR) back to
atmosphere
GHGs in atmosphere absorb IR and trap it between
the atmosphere and the surface of the Earth
warming the Earth Green House Effect
12
UV
VIS
IR
Stratosphere
Ozone Layer
To space
To space
Troposphere
Absorbed
Absorbed
EARTH
(Connell, 2000)
13

• Mean global temperature 15 ?C
• ???????? GHGs IR ??????????????
• ????????????????????????????

• Mean global temperature without GHGs -18 ?C

14
???????? GHGs ?????????????

• Water vapor (H2O)
• ???? GHGs ????????????? atmosphere
• Human activities ?????????????????????????????????
  ???
• ?????????????????? gas ??????????? hydrological
  cycle

• 2. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Natural sources
• Anthropogenic sources

15
(No Transcript)
16
CO2 concentration in the atmosphere measured at
Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii (Aguado Burt,
2004)
17
(http//www.grida.no/climate/vital/11.htm)
?????? CO2 ??????????????????????????
18

• 3. Methane (CH4)
• Natural sources
• Anthropogenic sources

• Permafrost

• Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
• N2O ????????? 16 ??????? ?.?.1750 ??? ?.?.1998

• Natural sources
• Anthropogenic sources

19
5. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

• ?????????????????????????? ??????????
• ?????????

• ?????????????????????? CFCs ???? ????????????
• ??????????

• Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) ???
• Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) ??? CFCs
• ???? GHGs ??????? ?????????????????

20

• ???????????????????? ???? 2100
• - ????????????????? GHGs ??? ???????????????????
  ?
• ????????? 1 C ????? 1990
• ????????????????? GHGs ??????
  ????????????????????
• ????????? 3.5 C

?????????????????? ???