Topic: Cellular Respiration Aim: How is energy/ATP produced in living things?

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Topic Cellular RespirationAim How is
energy/ATP produced in living things?
ATP
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• Section Objectives
• Compare and contrast cellular respiration and
  fermentation.
• Explain how cells obtain energy from cellular
  respiration.

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What is cellular respiration?

• Cellular respiration
• breaking down food to produce ATP
• in mitochondria
• using oxygen
• aerobic respiration
• usually digesting glucose
• but could be other sugars, fats, or proteins

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What do cells need in order to make energy?

• The Furnace for making energy
• mitochondria
• Fuel
• food carbohydrates, fats, proteins
• Helpers
• oxygen
• enzymes
• Product
• ATP
• Waste products
• carbon dioxide
• then used by plants
• water

Make ATP!Make ATP!All I do all dayAnd no
oneeven notices!
enzymes
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Mitochondria are everywhere!!
animal cells
plant cells
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A Bodys Energy Budget
make energy
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ATP
eatfood
2
synthesis (building)
3
storage
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Using ATP to do work?
ATP

• Cant store ATP
• too unstable
• only used in cell that produces it
• only short term energy storage
• carbohydrates fats are long term energy
  storage

work
Adenosine TriPhosphate
Adenosine DiPhosphate
ADP
A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs
per second
Whoa! Pass me theglucose oxygen!
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Cellular Respiration occur in 2 stages?

• The first stage, glycolysisno oxygen is
  required.
• The last two stages are aerobic and require
  oxygen to be completed.
• SUMMARY EQUATION

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Stage 1 Glycolysis Glycosweet, sugar
lysis to split

• a series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm
  of a cell that break down glucose, a six-carbon
  compound, into two molecules of pyruvic acid, a
  three-carbon compound
• produces only two ATP molecules for each glucose
  molecule broken down. (4-22)
• 2 molecules of NADH are formed

4ATP
2ATP
2ADP
4ADP 4P
Glucose
2 Pyruvic acid
2NAD
2NADH 2H
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What if oxygen is missing?

• No oxygen available cant complete aerobic
  respiration
• Then -gtAnaerobic respiration occur
• also known as fermentation
• alcohol fermentation
• lactic acid fermentation
• no oxygen or no mitochondria (bacteria)
• can only make very little ATP from glucose
• large animals cannot survive

yeast
bacteria
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Anaerobic Respiration

• Fermentation
• alcohol fermentation
• yeast
• glucose ? ATP CO2 alcohol
• make beer, wine, bread
• lactic acid fermentation
• bacteria, animals
• glucose ? ATP lactic acid
• bacteria make yogurt
• animals feel muscle fatigue

Tastes goodbut not enoughenergy for me!
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Alcoholic fermentation

• glucose -gt pyruvic acid-gt 2
  ethyl alcohol 2 CO2
• 2ATP
• GLYCOLYSIS
  FERMENTATION

• used by yeast cells and some bacteria to produce
  CO2 and ethyl alcohol

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Lactic acid fermentation

• Glucose-gtpyruvic acid -gt
  2 lactic acid
• 2ATP
• GLYCOLYSIS
  FERMENTATION
• used to make cheese and yogurt
• in humans during strenuous exercise
• not enough oxygen from blood oxygen debt
• lactic acid accumulates in muscle leads to
  fatigue and pain
• Will be converted back to pyruvic acid in liver

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Got the energy Ask Questions!!
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Topic Photosynthesis Aim How do plants carry
out photosynthesis?
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• Section Objectives
• Relate the structure of chloroplasts to the
  events in photosynthesis
• Understand why photosynthesis is important to all
  living things

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What is photosynthesis?

• Photosynthesis is the process by which
  autotrophic organisms use light energy to make
  sugar and oxygen gas from carbon dioxide and
  water

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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Plants are energy producers

• Like animals, plants need energy to live
• unlike animals, plants dont need to eat food to
  make that energy
• Plants make both FOOD ENERGY
• animals are heterotrophs(consumers)
• plants are autotrophs (producers)

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Plants use the energy from the sun

• to make ATP energy
• to make sugars
• glucose, sucrose, cellulose, starch, more

sun
ATP
sugars
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Building plants from sunlight air
sun

• Photosynthesis
• 2 separate processes
• ENERGY building reactions
• collect sun energy
• use it to make ATP
• SUGAR building reactions
• take the ATP energy
• collect CO2 from air H2O from ground
• use all to build sugars

ATP

sugars
carbon dioxide CO2
sugars C6H12O6
water H2O

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What do plants need to grow?

• The factory for making energy sugars
• chloroplast
• Fuels
• sunlight
• carbon dioxide
• water
• The Helpers
• enzymes

Make ATP!Make sugar!I can do it allAnd no
oneeven notices!
sun
ATP
enzymes
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So what does a plant need?

• Bring In
• light
• CO2
• H2O
• Let Out
• O2
• Move Around
• Sugars (C6H12O6 )

leaves
shoot
roots
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Photosynthesis
sun
ENERGYbuilding reactions
ATP
ADP
SUGARbuilding reactions
used immediatelyto synthesize sugars
sugar
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Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?
absorbsunlight CO2
Leaf
sun
Leaves
Chloroplastsin cell
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
Chloroplasts contain Chlorophyll
makeENERGY SUGAR
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Stomates Guard Cells in the leaf

• Function of stomates
• CO2 in
• O2 out
• H2O out
• gets to leaves for photosynthesis
• Function of guard cells
• open close stomates

guard cell
stomate
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An overview of photosynthesis
Chloroplast
Light
CO2
H2O
NADP
ADPP
LIGHTREACTIONS(in grana
CALVINCYCLE(in stroma
ATP
NADPH
Sugar
O2
O2
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White light is actually a mixed bag/spectrum of
color

• Certain wavelengths of visible light drive the
  light reactions of photosynthesis

X-rays
Micro-waves
Radio waves
Gammarays
UV
Infrared
Visible light
Wavelength (nm)
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pigments in the chloroplast

• To trap the energy in the suns light, the
  thylakoid membranes contain pigments, molecules
  that absorb specific wavelengths of sunlight.
• Wavelengths that are NOT absorbed are reflected
  (bounce off) or transmitted (pass through)
• So the material in which the pigment is found
  appears to be the color of the wavelengths that
  are NOT absorbed
• Photosynthetic pigments can absorb light
  energy make it available for conversion to
  chemical energy
• .

Light
Reflectedlight
Chloroplast
Absorbedlight
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Which colors of the visible spectrum do plants
absorb the most?
Hint Look at the peak
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pigments in the chloroplast

• Chlorophyll a most common pigment in chloroplast
  (absorbs blue red light and reflects green light
  thus giving the chloroplast a green color)(chloro
  green phylla leaf)
• Accessory pigments additional pigments that
  absorb different wavelengths (carotene,
  chlorophyll b, xanthophyll)

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Review So what does a plant need in order to
carry out photosynthesis?

• Bring In
• light
• CO2
• H2O
• Let Out
• O2
• Move Around
• sugars

leaves
shoot
roots
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An overview of photosynthesis
Chloroplast
Light
CO2
H2O
NADP
ADPP
LIGHTREACTIONS(in grana
CALVINCYCLE(in stroma
ATP
NADPH
Sugar
O2
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Factors Affecting Rate of Photosynthesis

• Temperature increases rate up to a certain point
• Light Intensity increases rate up to a certain
  point
• CO2 level Increases rate up to a certain point
• Water decrease water, decrease photosynthesis

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Compare Contrast Photosynthesis Cell
Respiration

• Photosynthesis

• Cell Respiration

Define Define
Why is this process important? Why is this process important?
Where does this process take place (in which organelle)? Where does this process take place (in which organelle)?
Energy Storing or Energy Releasing Energy Storing or Energy Releasing
What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration? What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
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Regents Bases Questions

• 1. An inorganic molecule required by green plants
  for the process of photosynthesis is
• oxygen
• starch
• carbon dioxide
• glucose

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• 2. Which activity occurs in the process of
  photosynthesis?
• Chemical energy from organic molecules is
  converted into light energy.
• Organic molecules are obtained from the
  environment.
• Organic molecules are converted into inorganic
  food molecules.
• Light energy is converted into the chemical
  energy of organic molecules.

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• 3. An organism was added to a test tube
  containing water, which was then sealed and
  placed in sunlight. The graph below shows an
  increase in the oxygen content of the test tube
  over a period of time.
• Which type of organism was most probably added to
  the test tube?
• fresh-water animal
• green alga
• ameba
• virus
•  

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• 4. The diagram below shows a mitochondrian.
• Letter X most likely represents
• ATP
• maltose
• lactic acid
• PGAL

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• 5. The diagram below shows a mitochondrian.
• All the arrows are associated with the process of
• carbon fixation
• photochemical reaction
• synthesis
• aerobic respiration

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• 6. The equation below represents a summary of a
  biological process.
• carbon dioxide water ? glucose water oxygen
• This process is completed in
• mitochondria
• ribosomes
• cell membranes
• chloroplasts