Importance of Insects

1
Importance of Insects

• Pollination
• Pest control
• Important roles in biological community

Fig. 3-1, p. 35
2
Ecosystems and Biodiversity

• Chapter 3

3
Question 1Define ecology. List and
distinguish among five levels of organization of
matter that are the focus of the realm of ecology.
4
Nature of Ecology

• What is ecology? the study of ecosystems.
• Organisms
• Species
• Microbes rule!
• Bacteria, Protists, Fungi Yeast
• Most numerous organisms on planet!

Fig. 3-2, p. 37
5
Nature of Ecology Biodiversity
Known species 1,412,000
Other animals 281,000
Insects 751,000
Fungi 69,000
Prokaryotes 4,800
Plants 248,400
Protists 57,700
Fig. 3-2, p. 37
6
Levels of Ecological Organization

• Organism
• Population
• Habitat
• Community
• Ecosystem
• Biosphere

7
Genetic Diversity in One Snail Species
Fig. 3-4, p. 38
8
Question 2List and describe the four spheres
of Earths Life Support systems. What 3 major
components sustain life on earth? How does
solar energy play a role in making earth
favorable for life?
9
4 Spheres of LifeBiosphere Components

• The earth is made up of interconnected spherical
  layers that contain air, water, soil, minerals
  and life.
• Atmosphere
• Troposphere
• Stratosphere
• Hydrosphere
• Lithosphere

10
What Sustains Life on Earth?

• 3 Components
• One way flow of high-quality energy from the sun
• Cycling of matter
• Gravity

Fig. 3-6, p. 39
11
Flow of Solar Energy to and from the Earth

• Solar Energy
• Warms atmosphere
• Recycles water
• Generates winds
• Supports plant growth
• Greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, O3, N2O)
• Natural Greenhouse Effect

Fig. 3-7, p. 40
12
Question 3Define abiotic components of an
ecosystem. Describe how ranges of tolerance and
abiotic limiting factors can limit population
growth.
13
Range of Tolerance
Lower limit of tolerance
Upper limit of tolerance
Few organisms
Few organisms
No organisms
No organisms
Abundance of organisms
Population Size
Zone of intolerance
Zone of intolerance
Optimum range
Zone of physiological stress
Zone of physiological stress
Temperature
Low
High
Fig. 3-11, p. 43
14
Factors Limiting Population Growth

• Limiting Factors -
• Abiotic
• On land precipitation, soil nutrients, water,
  fertilizer, sunlight, etc.
• In water temperature, sunlight, nutrients,
  dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity
• Biotic
• food, disease, competition, stress, etc.

15
Limiting Factor Principle

• Too much or too little of any abiotic factor can
  limit or prevent the growth of a population, even
  if all other factors are at or near the optimal
  range of tolerance.

16
Question 4Define biotic components of an
ecosystem. Distinguish between producers and
consumers. Distinguish between
photosynthesizers and chemosynthesizers and
aerobic respiration. List and distinguish
three types of consumers herbivores, omnivores,
carnivores. Distinguish between scavengers,
detritus feeders and decomposers.
17
Terrestrial Ecosystems Biomes
Average annual precipitation
100125 cm (4050 in.) 75100 cm (3040
in.) 5075 cm (2030 in.) 2550 cm (1020
in.) below 25 cm (010 in.)
4,600 m (15,000 ft.) 3,000 m (10,000 ft.) 1,500 m
(5,000 ft.)
Sierra Nevada Mountains
Great American Desert
Rocky Mountains
Great Plains
Mississippi River Valley
Appalachian Mountains
Coastal mountain ranges
Coniferous forest Desert Coniferous forest
Prairie grassland Deciduous forest
Coastal chaparral and scrub
Fig. 3-8, p. 41
18
Aquatic Life Zones Freshwater
Sun
Producers (rooted plants)
Producers (phytoplankton)
Primary consumers (zooplankton)
Tertiary consumers (turtles)
Secondary consumers (fish)
Dissolved chemicals
Sediment
Decomposers (bacteria and fungi)
Fig. 3-9, p. 42
19
Aquatic Life Zones Marine
20
Major Biological Components of Ecosystems

• Producers (autotrophs)
• Photosynthesis
• Chemosynthesis
• Consumers (heterotrophs)
• Aerobic Respiration

21
Types of Consumers

• Herbivores / Omnivores / Carnivores
• Scavengers
• Detritivores
• Decomposers

22
Detritivores
Detritus feeders
Decomposers
Termite and carpenter ant work
Carpenter ant galleries
Bark beetle engraving
Long-horned beetle holes
Dry rot fungus
Wood reduced to powder
Mushroom
Time progression
Powder broken down by decomposers into plant
nutrients in soil
Fig. 3-12, p. 44
23
Decomposers
24
Biodiversity
Fig. 3-14, p. 45
25
Functional Diversity
Survival of an ecosystem depends on a combo of
Matter Recycling One-Way Energy Flow from the
Sun
Abiotic chemicals (carbon dioxide, oxygen,
nitrogen, minerals)
Heat
Solar energy
Heat
Heat
Producers (plants)
Decomposers bacteria, fungi)
Consumers (herbivores, carnivores)
Heat
Heat
Fig. 3-13, p. 45
26
Examples of Biodiversity
Fig. 3-15, p. 46
27
Question 5Distinguish between food chains,
trophic levels, and food webs. Apply the second
law of energy to food chains and pyramids of
energy, which describe energy flow in ecosystems.
28
Food Chains and Food Webs

• Food chain
• Trophic level
• Food web

29
Model of a Food Chain
First Trophic Level
Second Trophic Level
Third Trophic Level
Fourth Trophic Level
Producers (plants)
Primary consumers (herbivores)
Secondary consumers (carnivores)
Tertiary consumers (top carnivores)
Heat
Heat
Heat
Solar energy
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
Detritivores decomposers and detritus feeders)
Heat
Fig. 3-16, p. 47
30
Food Web in the Antarctic
Humans
Sperm whale
Blue whale
Elephant seal
Killer whale
Crabeater seal
Leopard seal
Adélie penguins
Emperor penguin
Petrel
Fish
Squid
Carnivorous plankton
Herbivorous zooplankton
Krill
Phytoplankton
Fig. 3-17, p. 48
31
Energy Flow in an Ecosystem

• Ecological efficiency
• Rule of 10
• Pyramid of energy
• flow

32
Pyramid of Energy Flow
Heat
Heat
Decomposers
Tertiary consumers (human)
Heat
10 100 1,000 10,000 Usable
energy available at each tropic level (in
kilocalories)
Secondary consumers (perch)
Heat
Primary consumers (zooplankton)
Heat
Producers (phytoplankton)
Fig. 3-18, p. 49
33
Productivity of Producers

• Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
• Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
• NPP GPP R
• (R energy used in respiration)

34
NPP GPP - R

• NPP measures how fast producers can provide food
  for consumers
• NPP limits the number of consumers that can
  survive on Earth.

35
Question 6Define soil horizon, and describe
the 4 soil horizons. Briefly describe each type
of soil. Using Figure 3-22 on p. 52 in the
text, compare soil profiles of five important
soil types.
36
Soil

• A thin covering over most land that comprises a
  mixture of eroded rock, mineral nutrients,
  decaying organic matter, water, air, billions
  of organisms
• A slowly renewed resource that provides nutrients
  for plant growth helps purify water

37
Soils

• Origins of soils
• Formation takes 15-100s of years
• Soil horizons
• O surface litter
• (undecomposed matter)
• A topsoil \
• (humus partially decomposed)
• B subsoil
• C parent material
• Soil profiles
• Infiltration and leaching

38
Soil Formation and Horizons
Woodsorrel
Lords and ladies
Oak tree
Dog violet
Organic debris builds up
Earthworm
Grasses and small shrubs
Rock fragments
Millipede
Moss and lichen
Mole
Fern
Honey fungus
O horizon Leaf litter
A horizon Topsoil
Bedrock
B horizon Subsoil
Immature soil
Regolith
Young soil
Pseudoscorpion
C horizon Parent material
Mite
Nematode
Actinomycetes
Root system
Red earth mite
Springtail
Fungus
Fig. 3-21, p. 51
Mature soil
Bacteria
39
Soil Profiles from Different Ecosystems
Loam soils are best for plant growth.
Fig. 3-22, p. 52
40
Question 7What are biogeochemical cycles
(nutrient cycles), and what are the five major
cycles that impact all living things?
41
Matter alternates between the biotic abiotic
environment
Death Decay
42
5 Major Biogeochemical Cycles

Biosphere
Carbon cycle
Phosphorus cycle
Nitrogen cycle
Water cycle
Oxygen cycle
Heat in the environment
Heat
Heat
Heat
Fig. 3-6, p. 39
43
Water Cycle
Absorption water moves into plants
44
Carbon Cycle
45
Nitrogen Cycle