Horticulture and Agriculture

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Horticulture and Agriculture
Team MCCJS

• Chad Bergert
• Sunny Leon
• Celia Pinto
• Juan Rojas
• Margarita Zalamea

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HORTICULTURETools and Processes

• Classically defined as the culture or growing of
  garden plants.
• Over 10,000 years ago the age of horticulture
  begins which signals the end of the stone age.
• There are three main inventions that start the
  development of horticulture.
• The hoe flat stone or metal used to loosen dirt
• The spade a digging stick becomes a spade
• The plough add two handles added to a spade
• Assumed that women invented them because they
  were the primary cultivators.

Chad Bergert
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The Hoe

• Used to loosen soil and remove unwanted plants
  and objects during field cultivation.
• Found in virtually all horticulture societies.
• Hoes are so widely used by women, assume women
  invented them.
• In one Neolithic culture, women are buried with
  hoes and men are not.

Chad Bergert
4
The Spade

• Spade is another tool for cultivation.
• Women cultivated their garden plots carefully by
  spade, while men cleared new land with fire.
• Originally made of wood.
• Incas believed women must do the planting or the
  crops would not grow.

Chad Bergert
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The Plough

• The plough is a tool used prepare the soil for
  seeding or planting.
• By adding a two handles to a spade you get a
  plough.

Chad Bergert
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The Plough

• The plough is one of the two marks conventionally
  distinguishing agriculture from horticulture.
• Women are not credited with the invention of the
  plough because
• The modern plough is heavy and women have no
  association with them today.
• The idea was that women would not have been
  strong enough to use them.

Chad Bergert
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The Plough

• However, this is likely to be an unfair
  assumption because
• Early ploughs were much different from today's
  which are drawn by animals.
• Most likely two women would pull the plough in
  order to cultivate the soil.
• Women were the primary workers of the population.
  Women inventing a plough seems more likely for
  this reason.

Chad Bergert
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Supporting Evidence

• The idea that womens did not invent the hoe,
  spade, and plough would suggest that they were
  not the primary users of the tools.
• In contrary to todays image of the working
  women. The daily tasks of the horticulture woman
  would include
• Collecting and hauling firewood.
• Harvesting and hauling grain
• Collecting and moving clay for pottery
• Building houses or shelters
• Planting and harvesting crops
• This evidence also supports theories that women
  may have actually been stronger than men.

Chad Bergert
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Irrigation

• Definition To supply (dry land) with water by
  means of ditches, pipes, or streams water
  artificially to make land fertile
• Arose from horticulture
• Women were most likely the first irrigators
• 2 types of irrigation
• Bringing plants to water
• Bringing water to plants

Margarita Zalamea
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Harriet W.R. Strong

• Invented a system of dams and reservoirs for
  water storage and flood control.
• Introduced winter irrigation at her orchard in
  Southern California.
• Responsible for the rapid growth of the
  food-producing regions in Southern California.

Margarita Zalamea
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Fire as a land-clearing tool

• Used fire to drive game, improve grazing and
  encourage certain plants
• Both men and women used this technique
• Otis Mason states that women may have been the
  first to control fire so that it may be used for
  this purpose

Margarita Zalamea
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Fertilizer

• In several cultures, women were the first to
  invent fertilizer
• Observation of affect of feces on plant growth
  during child training and food collection
• Menstrual blood and herring were used as
  fertilizer

Margarita Zalamea
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Cultivation

• Women were most likely the primary cultivators
• 75 of all human food energy comes from 8
  cerealsall were domesticated in prehistory
• For bread wheat, women
• Saved the seeds for planting gradually increasing
  them until they formed the whole seed stock
• Developed seedling beds

Margarita Zalamea
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Agriculture

• As society begins to depend more heavily on
  cultivation and agriculture, women begin to lose
  out as exclusive cultivators.
• The question is no longer who does the work, but
  who is in chargeand who makes the tools
• Leading to dramatic shift called the Takeover
  Theory

Margarita Zalamea
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Takeover Theory

• Women played an important role in domestication
• they became the primary care taker for their
  children, leaving little room for their
  agricultural and horticultural interests.

Celia Pinto
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Developments that Affected the Transition to
Agriculture

• The Birth Explosion
• Change from Female-Centered to Male-Centered
  religion
• The Professionalization of The Cultivative Role

Celia Pinto
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The Birth Explosion

• Difficult and Late Periods
• Late pregnancy
• Early lactation
• Increasing Work Load
• Food providing
• Processing
• Child care
• Stress and Emotional Trauma

Celia Pinto
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Change From Female-Centered To Male-Centered
Religion

• Overthrow of Goddess-Worship
• Negative Effects on Women
• Opposite Effect on Men

Celia Pinto
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The Professionalization of the Cultivative Role

• Heavy workload became crucial
• Gardens become fields
• Irrigation became complex
• Commercialized and professionalized

Celia Pinto
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Women's role in the 19th 20th Century in
Agriculture

• Plant Culture/Planting Cultivating
• Fertilization
• New foods
• New plants
• Plant Diseases

Juan Rojas
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Plant Culture/ Planting Cultivating

• Dr. M. Claire Shephard involved in inventing of
  two systemic fungicides. Dimethirimol and
  ethirimol.
• Seed Treatments. To coat the seeds with
  fertilizer or pesticides rather than the entire
  fields.
• Miranda Smith lived in New York City and was
  credited for starting Rooftop Gardens Project.
• New Forms of Cultivating around the world
• Hsing Yen-tzu method of planting spring wheat
  in frozen grounds.
• Yetateriana Novgorodova hotbed techniques
  w/bonfires, sprinkling rountines for growing
  vegetables in Siberia.

Juan Rojas
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Fertilization

• Elisabeth Bryenton
• Created mixture that provided plants as much
  nitrogen as needed to grow at a fraction of the
  cost.

• Juan Rojas

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New Foods

• Dr. Catherine H. Bailey
• Creating new hybrids of peaches, nectarines
  apples and pears.
• Elizabeth White, daughter of cranberry growers
  discovered ways of growing a new berry,
  Tru-Blu-Berries

Juan Rojas
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New Plants

• Female agriculturists are credited for the work
  in developing new and unique flowers. Most of
  these flowers being roses.

Juan Rojas
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Inventors of New Breeds

• Esther Johnson, Anna Miller, Elizabeth A. Briggs
  and Marie Schaefer created the walnut tree.

Juan Rojas
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Plant Diseases

• Joanna B. Tribble preventing diseases on
  vegetables.
• Rebecca J. Walker protecting fruit trees from
  curculio.
• Dr. Margaret C. Shephard covering pesticides
  and agents that regulate plant growth.

Juan Rojas
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Animal Husbandry

• The branch of agriculture concerned with the care
  and breeding of domestic animals such as cattle,
  hogs, sheep, and horses.

Sunny Leon
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The purpose of Animal Husbandry is to breed a
better type of animal.
New Breeds and Varieties

• Diamond White Tails
• Santa Gertrudis
• Red Angus

Sunny Leon
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Care of LivestockMethods, Apparatus, Research

• Livestock and cattle cars
• Livestock feeding troughs
• Improved sheep shears
• Handling livestock and fighting against fleas
• Growth promoters
• In-vitro fertilization

Sunny Leon
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Dairy and Poultry Inventions

• Dairy inventions
• 20th Century
• Poultry Inventions

Sunny Leon