Warm-Up

1
Warm-Up

• 1. List 3 factors which allowed for American
  Cities to grow.
• 2. What impact did the cost effective mass
  production of Steel have on the Cities?
• 3. What was the outside of the Statue of Liberty
  plated with?
• 4. What country gave the US the Statue of
  Liberty and why?

2
The Gilded Age
3
The Nation Grows Industry and Big Business

• Bessemer Process
• Innovations in Steel
• Light bulb-Thomas Edison
• Big Business-Founding of Corporations
• Wealthy business owners

• Labor Movement
• Knights of Labor
• American Federation of Labor
• Workers seek better working conditions
• Strikes, rioting

4
The Second Industrial Revolution

• Led to new sources of power and advances in
  transportation communication
• Steel processing -gt boom in RR
• Oil electricity improved communication
• of new inventions led to higher standard of
  living

5
Technological Advances

• Bessemer process
• 1850s
• Allowed steel to be produced quickly
  
  cheaply
• Kerosene
• To convert oil to fuel
• Demand for oil begins
• Telephone
• Alexander Graham Bell
• 1876
• Model T
• Henry Ford
• Moving assembly line making cars more
  affordable

6
Development of Electricity

• Thomas Edison
• held more than 1,000 patents
• Edison his team introduced the first practical
  electric light bulb in 1879
• created a power company (GE) to distribute
  electricity, but could not send it over long
  distances
• Menlo Park
• 1st research development facility in US

7
Development of Electricity

• George Westinghouse
• power system that could send electricity many
  miles across the country
• Rival of Edison

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Warm-Up

• 1. List 3 technological advances during the
  Gilded Age.
• 2. Who patented the telephone in 1876?
• 3. What was Menlo Park?
• 4. Who formed General Electric (GE), the first
  major power company?

9
Big Business

• Growth of Big Business
• Late 1800s
• Led to monopolies/trusts
• Corporations dominates US economy
• People government question the methods of big
  business

10
The Rise of Corporations

• Corporations
• Businesses that sell portions of ownership called
  stock shares
• Most widely respected members of American society
• Rewarded investors founders
• Encouraged more investment because stockholders
  could sell stock whenever they wanted.

11
Gilded Age Concepts

• Self-Made Man
• Embellished idea that hard work determination
  could allow for a person of poverty to ascend to
  wealth and power
• Robber Barons
• Corporate elite
• Controlled 90 of US economy
• Claimed to be self-made man, but came from
  privilege wealth
• Gospel of Wealth
• Book written by Carnegie
• Applied Social Darwinism survival of the
  fittest
• Should use excess to advance society

12
Business Leaders

• Andrew Carnegie - Steel
• One of most admired businesspeople of the time
• Focused on steelmaking
• Used vertical integration
• owning businesses involved
  in each step of manufacturing
• to lower costs

13
Vertical Mergers
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Business Leaders

• John D. Rockefeller - Oil
• Standard Oil Company was
• countrys largest refinery
• Horizontal Integration
• owning all businesses in a field
• Formed a trust
• grouping many companies under a single board

15
Horizontal Mergers
16
Business Leaders

• Cornelius Vanderbilt Railroads
• Pioneer of the railroad industry
• Purchased smaller rail lines and combined them to
  his rail lines
• Provided more efficient transportation

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Warm-Up

• 1. Which business is John D. Rockefeller
  associated with?
• 2. Which business strategy is owning all related
  businesses in one field?
• 3. Who provided more efficient transportation on
  the rail lines?
• 4. K-Mart and Sears merger in an example of?

19
Poor Working Conditions

• Small, crowded rooms
• Specialization made workers tired, bored, and
  more likely to be injured.
• Managers paid less attention to working
  conditions
• Poor Air Quality
• Unsafe workplaces
• Long hours
• Low wages
• No job security

20
Working Conditions

• Machines unskilled workers replaced skilled
  craftspeople
• Encouraged managers to view workers as
  interchangeable parts
• Injuries increased, and conditions worsened
• Workers looked for ways to bring about change

21
Poor Working Conditions

• Business owners
• Maximize profits and desired production
• Led to poor working conditions
• Workers organized
• demanded better working conditions pay
• Labor Strikes
• workers refuse to work until demands are met

22
Early Labor Unions

• Knights of Labor
• First national labor union-1870s
• Terence V. Powderly
• ended secrecy of organization
• Included both skilled, unskilled workers women
• Pushed for
• 8 hour workday
• equal pay for equal work
• end to child labor

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Early Labor Unions

• American Federation of Labor
• Organized individual national unions
• Ex/ mine-workers steelworkers unions
• Limited membership to skilled workers
• Used collective bargaining, in which all workers
  acted together to negotiate with management

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Warm-Up

• What was the first National Labor Union called?
• What are negotiations between employers
  employees aimed at reaching agreements that
  regulate working conditions called?
• List 3 examples of poor working conditions.
• What is a labor strike?

25
Labor Strikes
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Haymarket Riot

• 1886 Chicago, IL
• Rally supporting striking workers
• Violence erupted between protesters and police
• Resulted in decline of all labor unions

27
Homestead Strike

• 1892
• US Steel Company-Homestead, Pennsylvania
• Workers locked out by management
• Resulting fight left workers and Pinkerton guards
  dead
• Permanently damaged public opinion of Carnegie

28
Pullman Strike

• 1894-Pullman IL
• Company town
• Company owned all housing businesses
• Began with workers who made Pullman train cars
• Spread to workers who worked on trains pulling
  sleeping cars
• Federal troops stopped strike

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Labor Day

• 1894
• Labor Day established as a Federal Holiday
• Pushed for by President Cleveland and Congress
  for upset workers
• Celebrate all workers and their contributions
• First Monday in September

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Warm-Up

• Which labor dispute turned workers against the
  Chicago police?
• Which labor dispute involved the railroads and
  eventually required federal troops to intervene?
• Why did President Cleveland want a national
  holiday for laborers to pass?
• When is Labor Day?

31
America Moves to the City

• Urbanization Immigration

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The Rise of Urban America

• US Population 1900
• doubled to 80 million since the census of 1870
  (105 million by 1920)
• Cities Population tripled
• by 1900 40 of Americans lived in cities
• 1900 New York
• 3.5 million people 2nd largest in world (London
  1st)
• Chicago Philadelphia had over 1 million people
• No American city had 1 million people in 1860

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The Rise of Urban America

• Vertical Cities
• Skyscrapers
• Elisha Otis
• mechanized elevator
• Mass Transit
• Extended cities outward
• Subways, trolley cars
• Streetcar suburbs develop

34
Daily Life in the Cities

• Education
• Compulsory education laws
• Required parents to send children to school
• Public schools grew from 7 million to 15 million
• Journalism
• Public education created more literate people
• Yellow Journalism
• Sensational reporting to attract readers

35
Daily Life in the Cites

• Urban Parks
• Fredrick Law Olmstead designed Central Park in
  NYC
• Helped spur the City Beautiful Movement
• Public parks and attractive boulevards

36
Leisure and Sports

• Football-developed by Walter Camp
• Basketball-developed by James Naismith
• Baseball-Abner Doubleday disputed by Historians
• Urban neighborhood teams and clubs
• Adopted at the collegiate level

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Warm-Up

• 1. What did the population of the US do between
  1870-1900?
• 2. New laws requiring parents to send children
  to school were called?
• 3. Sensational news reporting was called?
• 4. What was the city Beautification Movement?

38
Daily Life in the Cities

• Theater
• Vaudeville light play
• Variety acts put together in segments into 1 show
• Ragtime
• New form of popular music-ragged, rhythmic, and
  dancing
• Originated in African-American communities in St.
  Louis and New Orleans

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Nouveau Riche
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Class distinctions

• became most pronounced in America history by 1900
  
• New class of super-wealthy the Nouveau riche
• 1890 Wealthiest 1 of families owned 51 of real
  and personal property
• Meanwhile, 44 of families at the bottom owned
  1.2 of all property.
• Made an effort to publicly display their wealth
• Conspicuous consumption

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The Middle Class
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Class Distinctions

• Middle class
• Lower end salesmen, clerks and government
  workers teachers
• Upper end lawyers and doctors
• Usually lived in relatively large homes employed
  at least one domestic servant.
• Respectable

43
The Working Class
44
Class Distinctions

• Working-class
• Usually Catholic (esp. Irish), foreign (esp. E
  S Europe), or black
• Lived in tenements
• Poorly built apartment buildings
• In 1900, nearly 20 of children under 15 worked
  in non-agricultural work.
• About 20 of women worked, most were
  youngbetween school marriage.

45
Can we find examples of this class structure
today?
46
Tough Life in the City

• Cities had deplorable conditions.
• Rampant crime prostitution, drug use, gambling,
  violent crime.
• Unsanitary conditions persisted as cities could
  not keep up with growth
• Perfection of "dumbell" tenement in 1879 7 or 8
  stories high with little ventilation
• while families were crammed into each floor (50
  of New York City housing)

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Warm-Up

• 1. What sport became Americas favorite past
  time during the Gilded Age?
• 2. Who developed what we think of as American
  Football?
• 3. Who were the Nouveau Riche?
• 4. What percentage of the population owned the
  most private property?
• 5. Which class was respectable and list 3
  occupations?

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Why Emigrate?

• Why immigration from Eastern Southern Europe?
• Overpopulation in Europe
• Rapid industrialization left many with either no
  where to go or forced many to change their
  customary occupations.
• America seen as a land of opportunity (conditions
  in Europe dismal)

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The Lure of America

• Old Immigrants
• 1800-1880
• 10 million
• Most were Protestants from NW Europe
• (England, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Finland)

• New Immigrants
• 1891-1910
• 12 Million
• Most were Catholic, Greek Orthodox or Jewish
• Southern or Eastern European
• (Czech, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Polish,
  Russian, and Slovak)

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New Immigrants
51
New Immigrants

• Most came through Ellis Island in New York harbor
  from 1882-1954
• Statue of Liberty erected in NY harbor, a gift
  from the French.
• "Give us your tired, your poor/ Your huddled
  masses yearning to breath free/The wretched
  refuse of your teeming shore." -- Emma Lazarus
• Came to live in enclaves in NY Chicago
• By 1900 60 lived in the nations 12 largest cities

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US Culture?
54
Struggle to maintain cultures in America

• Immigrants were often urged to join the American
  mainstream
• 1st generation Americans often rejected culture
  of parents and became mainstreamed
• Many Catholic parochial schools Jewish Hebrew
  schools established
• Foreign-language newspapers, theaters, food
  stores, restaurants, parishes, social clubs.

55
Nativist Reaction

• Native-born saw immigration as a threat
• Immigrants too different to fit into American
  Society
• Others blamed immigrants for social problems
• Crime/violence
• Poverty
• Radical political ideas (communism)
• Immigrants would work for cheaper wages
• Chinese Exclusion Act
• Denied citizenship to people born in China
• Prohibited immigration of Chinese laborers

56
Political Reaction to Immigrants

• Political machines catered to new immigrants
• Bosses often traded jobs and services for votes
  creating powerful immigrant voting blocks for
  their own purposes.
• Provided employment on citys payroll, found
  housing for new arrivals,
• gave gifts of food and clothing to the needy,
  helped with legal counseling, and helped get
  schools, parks, and hospitals built in immigrant
  neighborhoods.
• Tammany Hall in NYC most infamous political
  machine

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Warm-Up

• 1. Where did many immigrants enter the US on the
  east coast?
• 2. What two cities did many immigrants settle
  in?
• 3. What impact did immigrants have on city
  neighborhoods?
• 4. Why did immigrants help politicians win
  elections?

58
Famous Muckrakers

• Lincoln Steffens corruption in city governments
• Ida Tarbell illegal tactics of Rockefeller
  (oil)
• Jacob Riis conditions of the poor, tenement
  life and working conditions

59
Gilded Age Politics

• Republicans-aligned with big business
• Little government
• Weak Presidents
• President Arthur persuaded Congress to pass the
  Civil Service Act-1883
• Government Jobs based on competitive exams rather
  than political favors

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• Critics-businesses earned their fortunes through
  unfair business practices.
• Used size and strength to drive smaller
  competitors out of business
• Powerful trusts sold goods and services below
  market value
• smaller competitors went out of business, then
  raised prices.

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• Sherman Antitrust Act 1890 made it illegal to
  create monopolies or trusts that restrained
  trade.
• The act did not clearly define a trust in legal
  terms, so it was hard to enforce.
• Corporations and trusts continued to grow in size
  and power.

62
Farmers Demands

• Regulate the railroad companies! (stop them from
  charging such high rates)
• Make cash more available (back the dollar with
  silver, not gold, so dollar will be worth less)
• Political demands single term for President and
  Vice-President secret ballot popular election
  of Senators
• To get industrial workers to support them 8-hour
  workday restrict immigration

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Different Groups Representing Farmers Interests

• 1867 Grange cooperative
• 1880s Farmers Alliance and Colored Farmers
  National Alliance
• 1892 Birth of the Populist, or Peoples Party

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Populism vs. Big Business
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Election of 1896

• Bryan vs. William McKinley
• Main issue is gold vs. silver. Problem partly
  caused Panic of 1893.
• Populists didnt focus on too many other issues.
  
• Lose election and end of populist party
• End of Populism?

66
Progressive Movements

• Progressivism
• Reform movement in the late 19th early 20th
  century
• Focused on urban problems
• Exposed social problems in the U.S.
• Mainly native born middle and upper class

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Progressive Issues

• Labor laws
• Demand limits on the work day
• Prohibit monopolies
• Child Labor Laws
• Greater control of the govt
• 17th Amendment (gave voters the power to directly
  elect senators)
• if we wish to do good work for our country, we
  must be unselfishTeddy Roosevelt
• Muckraking
• Expose the muck or filth of society
• The Jungle- Upton Sinclair
• Moral Reform
• 18th Amendment (Prohibition-barred the sale and
  consumption of alcohol)
• Suffrage
• 19th Amendment (women's right to vote)

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Warm-Up

• 1. List the Progressive Presidents
• 2. How did Roosevelt resolve the 1902 coal
  strike?
• 3. What was the purpose of the Hepburn Act?
• 4. How old was Roosevelt when he became
  President?

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Warm-Up

• 1.List two Muckrakers and what they exposed.
• 2. Which amendment changed the election of
  Senators to voters?
• 3. Describe a Referendum.
• 4. Which amendment banned the sale, manufacture,
  and consumption of alcohol?
• 5. Which political reform could remove an
  elected official in a special election?

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Warm-Up

• 1. Who was the Progressive candidate in the
  election of 1912?
• 2. Why did Roosevelt and Taft have a falling
  out?
• 3. List 3 Conservation pieces established by
  Roosevelt.
• 4. What were two major trusts broken up by
  Roosevelt?

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Progressive Presidents

• President Teddy Roosevelt- 1901-1909
• President William Howard Taft- 1909-1913
• President Woodrow Wilson- 1913-1921

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Warm-Up

• 1. Which group of Americans made up the Populist
  movement and who was their candidate?
• 2. List 3 issues of Progressives.
• 3. What is a muckraker?
• 4. How did the Progressives assert more control
  of the government during the Gilded Age?

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Political Reforms

• Referendum voters could get a bill placed on
  ballot vote on an initiative
• Recall elected officials could be removed by
  voters in a special election

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Political Reforms

• Direct primary special elections to determine
  whom party members want to represent them
• 17th amendment 1912 direct election of senators

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Teddy Roosevelt 1901-1908
76
Teddy Roosevelt

• Hero in the Spanish-American War led the Rough
  Riders to famous victories
• V.P. under McKinley takes over after his
  assassination in 1901 at 42 years old
• Elected officially in 1904

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The Coal Strike

• 1902
• Coal mine owners refused to negotiate with
  workers
• Send army to take over the mine
• Won shorter hours and higher wages

78
Interstate Commerce Commission

• Hepburn Act strengthen the ICC
• It could now fix RR rates
• Regulate pipelines, ferries, bridges

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Trust - Bustin

• Some were regulated while others were dissolved
• Broke up Rockefellers Standard Oil Trust (30
  Companies)
• Broke up J.P. Morgans Northern Securities
  Company-RRs

81
Pure Food And Drug Act

• 1906 FDA
• Banned use of harmful additions in foods and
  banned false advertising for drugs

82
Meat Inspection Act

• 1906 federal investigation of industry
• set health and sanitary standards for all phases
  of the meatpacking industry

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Conservation

• New lands Reclamation Act set aside from the
  sale of public land to build dams and irrigation
  systems in the west-helped small farms
• US Forest Service-150 National Forests
  established
• Wanted to preserve/protect environment-National
  Parks Service established

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William Howard Taft 1909-1913
85
President Taft

• Filed twice as many anti-trust suits than
  Roosevelt
• Expanded the authority of ICC-regulated the
  telephone, telegraph, and cable companies
• Payne-Aldrich Tariff-highest tariff in history
  passed
• Allowed the undoing of some of Roosevelts
  conservation initiatives
• Election of 1912-Taft and Roosevelt split the
  Republican vote, Democrat Wilson wins election

86
Woodrow Wilson 1913 -1921
87
Woodrow Wilson 1913 -1921

• The New Freedom
• Strong president
• Tame big business, open up competition
• Attack tariffs, trusts and banks

88
Wilson Cont.

• 16th Amendment-Income Tax, wealthy taxed at a
  higher rate than poor
• Underwood Tariff-Lowered tariff by 25
• Federal Reserve Act-Regulated the banking
  industry and controlled currency circulation
• Clayton Antitrust Act-outlawed monopolistic
  business practices
• Federal Trade Commission-created to protect
  competition in the market