World War II

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World War II

• US Involvement Beginning to Peace

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Events Leading to WWII

• 1918 Germany surrenders ending WWI
• 1919 Treaty of Versailles
• 1922 Mussolini becomes Italys dictator
• 1923 - Hitler writes Mein Kampf
• 1924 Stalin rises to power

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Events Leading to WWII

• 1929 World Wide Depression leads to rise of
  dictators
• 1930 Japan invades Manchuria
• 1932 Japan invades Shanghai
• US condemns (Open Door Policy) but stays isolated

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Events Leading to WWII

• 1933 Hitler gains power in Germany
• Begins operation of Dachau
• 1935 Italy invades Ethiopia gt US passes 1st
  Neutrality Act
• Hitler rearms the Rhineland
• Axis Powers formed (Germany / Italy)
• 2nd Neutrality Act passed by the US

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Events Leading to WWII

• 1937 Japan invades China gt US issues 3rd
  Neutrality Act
• 1938 Germany annexes Austria gt Munich Pact is
  signed (appeasement towards Hitler)
• Neville Chamberlain 'Peace for Europe' - CBC
  Archives

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Events Leading to WWII

• 1939 Hitler invades Poland start of WWII
• 1940 Japan joins Axis powersgt US starts draft
• 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor gt US enters war

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Allies
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Allied Leaders

• US FDR / Truman / MacArthur / Eisenhower
• Great Britain Winston Churchill
• USSR Josef Stalin
• France Charles de Gaulle

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Axis Powers
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Axis Powers Leaders

• Germany Hitler
• Italy Mussolini
• Japan Emperor Hirohito / General Tojo

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Major Events in Europe

• 1939 Germany invades Poland with blitzkrieg
• 1940 France falls to Nazis. Battle of Britain
  air raids known as the blitz
• 1941 Germany invades the Soviet Union breaks
  the non-aggression pact

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Major Events in Europe

• 1942-43 Battle of Stalingrad turning point
  because Russian soldiers start marching west
• 1943 Allied troops defeat Axis armies in North
  Africa (Called Operation Torch)
• July 1943 Italy invaded by Allies

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Events in Europe

• June 6, 1944 Allied invasion of Normandy France
  . The largest such invasion in history
• Over 150,000 soldiers
• Designed by General Eisenhower
• Known as D-Day
• Over 11,000 casualties
• August , 1944 Paris was liberated and Allies
  begin their push towards Germany

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D-Day (Operation Overlord)
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Events in Europe

• December 1944 Last German offensive called
  Battle of the Bulge
• April 12, 1945 FDR dies
• April 1945 Allied troops meet at the Elbe River
  in Germany Hitler commits suicide
• May 8, 1945 V-E Day
• Victory in Europe

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Problems with Japan

• The U.S. and Japan had been competing for trading
  rights and resources in the South Pacific.
• Japan imported much of its steel and oil from the
  U.S.
• The US cut these supplies off(Embargo) to Japan
  as a protest to the Japanese invasion of China-
  also sinking of USS Panay

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Events in the Pacific

• December 7, 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor
• Dec 8, 1941 US declares war on Japan and enters
  WWII
• FDR describes it as A day that will live in
  infamy.

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Pearl Harbor
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Events in the Pacific

• 1941-42 Japan seizes the Philippines
• MacArthur vows I shall return
• 1942 Battle of Midway
• 1944-1945 Iwo Jima and Okinawa

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Events in the Pacific

• US Island Hopping to main island of Japan
• Truman told there would be a possiblity the US
  would lose 1 million troops with a land invasion
  of Japan
• Aug 6, 1945 US drops bomb on Hiroshima (Enola
  Gay Little Boy) estimated 100,000 killed
  instantly
• Aug 9, 1945 Bombed dropped on Nagasaki (Fat Man)
  estimated 80,000 killed instantly

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Little Boy
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Distance from Ground Zero (km) Killed Injured Population
0 - 1.0 88 6 30,900
1.0 - 2.5 34 29 27,700
2.5 - 5.0 11 10 115,200
Total 22 12 173,800
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Fat Man
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Distance from Ground Zero (km) Killed Injured Population
0 -1.0 86 10 31,200
1.0 - 2.5 27 37 144,800
2.5 - 5.0 2 25 80,300
Total 27 30 256,300
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Atomic Bomb

• Hiroshima Atomic Bomb Reenactment - Video

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World War II Diplomacy

• Atlantic Charter (1941) peace after the war
  (Churchill and FDR)
• Casablanca (1942) victory on all frontsgt only
  unconditional surrender (Churchill and FDR)
• Cairo (1943) planning Normandy
• Teheran Conference (1943) FDR, Churchill, Stalin
  gtinvasion of Germany
• Yalta (1945) FDR, Churchill, Stalin gt division
  of Germany
• Potsdam (1945) warning Japan to surrender to
  prevent utter destruction

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Home front During WWII

• US was an arsenal of democracy
• Blackout drills/rations
• Were afraid of attacks on the US
• US was trying to adjust to a war time economy
• Needed supplies for the war

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Home front During WWII

• War Bonds gt people would support the war by
  giving the govt loans
• In return you got a certificate and a promise to
  from govt to pay back loan with interest

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Home front During WWII

• War Production Board / War Labor Board gt govt
  agencies to keep production going
• Women
• Found jobs gt not forced to return to the home
  after the war
• Rosie the Riveter
• Women chose to return home after the war (Baby
  Boom Era)

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Home front During WWII

• Also found jobs in the workforce gt need to keep
  production high for the war effort
• Faced discrimination in both the North and South

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Home front During WWII

• Seen as spies
• Executive Order 9066gt100,000 moved to internment
  camps
• Korematsu vs. United States
• SC ruled FDR had the right to contain
  Japanese-Americans due to national emergency of
  WWII and to protect national security

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Results of the War

• US and USSR become world powers Cold War
• Atomic Age gt threat to world peace
• Nuremberg Trails
• 1945 1946
• 25 high level Nazis for crimes against humanity
  (Holocaust)
• 3 acquitted and 12 executed
• UN
• Peace keeping / human rights protection
• NYC
• Security Council / General Assembly
• US does join
  
  

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US After WWII

• WW II brought the US out of the Great Depression
• Several works stoppages after WW II gthad to
  adjust to soldiers coming home and a peace time
  economy
• As a way to help these veterans adjust to
  civilian life the government created the
  GI Bill of Rights- buying homes/ college
• Taft Hartley Act gt US govt could get a court
  injunction to delay a strike for 80 days if it
  endangered health or safety of the public

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US After WW II

• Election of 1948
• Truman (Democrat) vs. Thomas E. Dewey
  (Republican)
• Truman wins in an upset
• Trumans Fair Deal and New Society
• Extension of the New Deal
• Established low-income housing, raised minimum
  wage, increased the of people under the Social
  Security Act

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Extension of Civil Rights and Truman

• National Security Act of 1947
• Form an Air Force
• Increased dept of Defenses power
• Joint Chief of Staff
• CIA
• Segregation and discrimination throughout the US
  and WWII gt Jim Crow laws in the South and de
  facto segregation in the North
• Change was coming
• Jackie Robinson, 1947 gt 1st African American to
  play Major League Baseball
• Presidents Commission on Civil Rights gt informs
  the public
• Executive Order banning segregation in the
  military
• Investigated businesses with contracts with the
  govt that practice segregation

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Objectives of US After WWII

• Protect US interests abroad
• Avoid nuclear war
• Help other nations (social and economic)
• Promote democracy
• Stop communist expansion (Containment)
• NATO
• April, 1949 gt 12 nations
• an attack on one would be considered an attack
  on all
• Member nations would act together in common
  defense
• Anti-communism

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Policies created as part of Containment

• Truman Doctrine- USA will aid any nation in
  Europe to stop the spread of communism.
• Marshall Plan USA gives 13B aid to Western
  Europe to rebuild after war, to stop the spread
  of communism.
• Central Intelligence Agency- collects
  intelligence / information about other
  nations-Spying

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US After WWII

• Warsaw Pact
• Communist Answer to NATO
• 8 nations
• 1955

Warsaw Pact Communist answer to NATO 8
nations 1955
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Churchill claims people in Eastern Europe are
forced to live behind an Iron Curtain
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War Department becomes Defense Department
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US Foreign Policy During Cold War1946-1991

• Containment-
• Stopping the spread of Communism

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First Hot Spot of Cold War

• Berlin 1948- USSR closes rail and roads into
  Berlin.
• The U.S. airlifts supplies for 321 days the USSR
  ends the blockade in 1949.
• This would not be the last time Berlin would be a
  hot spot during the Cold War.

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Looking for Commie Spies
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Executing Spies
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The Korean War 1950-1953

• Korea was divided at the 38th Parallel after WW2-
  North Communist- South Democratic
• June 1950- North invades South
• As part of its Containment Policy the U.S. and
  United Nations troops attempt to Stop the spread
  of communism.
• The goal was to keep the nation divided at the
  38th parallel, and not to involve the Chinese or
  Russians.

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Truman Fires MacArthur
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• U.S./U.N. troops push North Korean troops across
  the 38th and close in on the Chinese border,
  causing the Chinese to attack.
• Chinese troops push U.S./U.N. troops back across
  38th and for 3 years fighting occurs around 38th.
• A truce is signed in 1953 ending the war
• Communism was Contained.

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Eisenhowers Election

• Elected as 1st republican since 1928 gt Nixon was
  his VP

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Domestic Policies

• Growth of Suburbs
• TV Becomes popular source of entertainment
• under God added to the pledge gt importance of
  religion
• Ending Segregtaion
• Attacking separate but equal
• Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
• Brown denied admission to an all white schoolgt
  violation of 14th admendment
• Supreme Court ruled that separate but equal had
  no place in public education
• Overturned Plessy vs. Ferguson

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School Integration

• Governor of Arkansas uses National Guard to stop
  integration at Little Rock High School
• Eisenhower took over the National Guard
  (Commander-in-Chief) and allowed 9 students into
  high school

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School Integration
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More Civil Rights Events

• Dec 1955 gt Rosa Parks bus integration
• Martin Luther King, Jr gt civil disobedience
• Montgomery Bus Boycott

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The Warren Court

• Appointed by Eisenhower, Chief Justice Earl
  Warren was in power during many landmark(very
  important) decisions in the 50s and 60s
• Brown v. Board of Ed
• Miranda v. Arizona
• Gideon v. Wainwright
• Escobedo v. Illinois
• Tinker v. Des Moines

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Foreign Policy

• Continues the policy of Containment- and added
  the
• Eisenhower Doctrine- pledge to aid nations
  fighting communism in the Middle East.
• Domino Theory - if one nation fell to communism
  all the nations around it would fall-especially
  in South East Asia/Vietnam

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Foreign Policy
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Foreign Policy

• New aggressive policies/threats begin
• Brinkmanship- U.S. was willing to go to the
  brink/edge of nuclear war to show its strength
• Massive Retaliation- U.S. would use all its
  nuclear weapons at once if attacked w/just one.
• Arms Race this led to both sides building up
  large nuclear arsenals-
• Mutually Assured Destruction-both sides had
  enough of these weapons to destroy each other,
  hoping the other wouldnt use them-Deterrent

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New Weapons

• Hydrogen Bomb- over 1,500xs more powerful than
  the bombs used on Japan.
• Inter Continental Ballistic Missiles Nuclear
  weapons that travel across continents

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Cold War continues

• 1957- Soviets Launch Sputnik- a satellite that
  orbited the earth-This led to a new emphasis on
  math and science in American schools.
• - Us puts Explorer I in orbit in Jan 1958
• The U.S. and U.S.S.R. realized how dangerous the
  situation had become, there was an easing of
  tensions/Thaw-1958-1960-both sides agreed to stop
  testing nuclear weapons.
• U-2 Incident-the thaw ended when a U.S. spy plane
  was shot down over the U.S.S.R.
• The Cold War was back!

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U-2 Incident

• U-2 Incident-the thaw ended when a U.S. spy plane
  was shot down over the U.S.S.R.
• The Cold War was back!

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Election of 1960

• Nixon (Rep) vs. Kennedy (Dem)
• Close popular vote gt electoral 303 to 219
• Kennedy became youngest and 1st Catholic to be
  elected President