The Cold War

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The Cold War

• 1945 - 1991

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Yalta Conference A Postwar Plan

• In February 1945 leaders of the US, Britain, and
  the Soviet Union met.
• Place Soviet Black Sea resort of Yalta.
• Germany would be divided in to zones of
  occupation
• Controlled by the Allied military forces.
• Germany would have to pay the Soviet Union for
  loss of life and property.

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Yalta Conference

• Stalin agreed to join war against Japan.
• Stalin promised that Eastern Europeans would have
  free elections.
• Winston Churchill predicted Stalin would only
  keep his pledge if the Eastern Europeans followed
  a policy friendly to Russia.

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Eastern Europes Iron Curtain

• Major goal of Soviet Union was to shield it self
  from another invasion from the west.
• Soviets build a buffer
• At wars end Soviet troops occupied a strip of
  countries along their western border.
• Stalin regarded these countries as a necessary
  buffer or wall of protection.

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Soviets Build a Buffer

• Stalin ignored his agreement at Yalta.
• He installed or secured Communist governments in
  Eastern Europe
• Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia,
  Romania, Poland and Yugoslavia.
• Truman saw this was clear violation of these
  nations rights.

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Soviets Build a Buffer (cont.)

• Truman, Stalin, and Churchill met at Potsdam,
  Germany, in July 1945.
• There Truman pressed Stalin to permit free
  elections in Eastern Europe.
• Stalin refused.
• In a speech in 1946 Stalin declared communism and
  capitalism could not exist in the same world.

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The Cold War Begins

• What is a cold war?
• Conflicting ideologies and mutual distrust led to
  the Cold War
• Fighting without armed conflict
• Used weapons, politics, and propaganda
• Both sides used propaganda
• Try to gain as many allies as possible
• Try to paint the other side as evil

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United States Policy

• The Truman Doctrine
• Containment
• US policy was to stop the spread of communism
• The Marshall Plan
• US aid to help rebuild Europe
• 13 Billion

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Clash over Germany

• US and its Allies clashed with Soviet Union over
  Germany.
• Soviets wanted to keep Germany weak and divided.
• In 1948, France Britain and the United States
  withdrew their forces from Germany.
• Allowed their occupation zones to form one nation.

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The Split of Germany

• West Germany became democratic
• East Germany became communist
• Officially 2 countries as of 1949
• Berlin was split as well into West Berlin and
  East Berlin.
• Berlin lay deep within East Germany.

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Two Germanys
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The Berlin Airlift

• June 1948-May 1949
• All roads, waterways, railways closed in East
  Germany to Berlin
• Response to unification of West Germany.
• US and UK
• Over 277,000 flights to Berlin
• Over 2 million tons of supplies
• Landing, unloading and taking off took about 15
  minutes

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The Berlin Airlift
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Military Alliances

• 1949 NATO was formed European defense alliance
• U.S. and eleven other countries
• 1955 Warsaw Pact
• USSR and seven European Communist nations

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The Arms Race

• The most frightening aspect of the Cold War was
  the constant threat of nuclear war.
• US was the only atomic power in 1945
• Soviet Union gained atomic weapons in 1949
• Began an arms race who had the most
• Truman ordered construction of the hydrogen bomb.
• Call for buildup of conventional forces to
  provide alternative to nuclear war.

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Global Nuclear Confrontation

• Soviet army stayed strong after war.
• US had reduced forces by half by 1947.
• American military planners were forced to adopt a
  nuclear strategy in face of the overwhelmingly
  superiority of Soviet forces.
• They would deter any Soviet attack by setting in
  place a devastating atomic counterattack.

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Global Nuclear Confrontation (cont.)

• For the next quarter century, the U.S. and the
  USSR would engage in a nuclear arms race that
  constantly increased the destructive capability
  of both sides.

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China
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Chinese Flag
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Communist Control of China

• Forces led by Mao Zedong won a civil war and
  formed the Peoples Republic of China
• Communists gained the support of peasant
  population
• Gained support of women Women hold up half the
  sky
• Educated Chinese hoped that the communists would
  build a new China end foreign domination

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Mao Zedong
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Changes made in China

• With Soviet help, the Chinese built hydroelectric
  plants, railroads and canals
• Mao built a one party totalitarian state with the
  Communist party in control
• Education and healthcare were improved
• Maos programs crippled Chinas economy

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China the Cold War

• By 1960 China the USSR were in disagreement
• 1971 China joins the UN, 1979 US repairs
  relations
• Mao died in 1976 and Deng took over.
• Dengs economic reforms brought a surge of growth
  and a better standard of living

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The Two Koreas

• South Korea emerged during the Cold War
• After WWII Japanese control of Korea ended
• US Soviet Union divided the two Koreas along
  the 38th line of latitude
• North Korea became a communist Soviet ally
• South Korea was backed by the US

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The Korean War

• June 1950 to July 1953
• Began when the communist North invaded the South,
  the goal was reunification
• Was a byproduct of the Cold War US paranoia
  about communism
• June 25th 1950 North Koreans equipped by
  Soviets and aided by China
• US led UN forces in defense of South Korea
  General Macarthur led the forces

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More Korean War Information

• First ever aggression by UN forces
• Control of the 38th parallel shifted sides
  throughout the war ended in a stalemate
• Air power played a key role in the war
• July 1953 truce agreement was signed countries
  remain separate today along the 38th parallel

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Korean War statistics

• 3 years of conflict
• 36,516 US deaths 140,000 total injured or
  killed
• South Korea 415,000 dead
• Communists suffered 2 million casualties
  (killed or injured)
• US forces remained in South Korea until 1990s to
  keep peace

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Vietnam after WWII

• Was controlled by the French before the war and
  Japan during the war
• 1946 France set out to regain control of Vietnam
• Vietnam guerillas resisted led by Ho Chi Minh
• Guerilla warfare - fighting carried out through
  hit and run tactics
• Vietnam wore down the French and forced them to
  surrender in 1954 (Dien Bien Phu, 55 day battle)

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Ho Chi Minh
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Vietnam Divided

• Agreement was reached to temporarily divide the
  country along the 17th parallel
• Elections were supposed to be held in 1956 for
  reunification never occurred
• Communist North (led by Ho Chi Minh) and
  non-communist South
• US feared domino effect if North took South it
  would trigger the further spread of communism

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Vietnam War

• Ho Chi Minh and Vietcong (communist rebels)
  wanted to unite Vietnam under communist rule.
• North Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh) with the North
  Vietnamese Army Vietcong aided by USSR
  China
• South Vietnam US military (Non- Communist)

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Important Events of the War in Vietnam

• 1968 Tet Offensive North guerillas launch
  massive surprise attack
• Unexpected b/c it took place on Vietnamese New
  Year
• Anti war sentiment grew in the US / the
  realization that the North would fight at any
  cost
• Nixon arranged a cease fire began withdrawing
  in 1973
• 2 Years later the North captured the South

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Vietnam War Stats

• Turning point in history of modern war b/c of new
  battle tactics (guerilla)
• 2 million Vietnamese killed, 3 million wounded
• US casualties 57,685 killed 153,303 wounded
• 587 POW were released from POW camps and 2500
  personnel are still unaccounted for

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Cold War in the1950s USSR

• Nikita Khrushchev takes over after Stalins death
  in 1953.
• He repudiates Stalins use of the vast Gulag (or
  labor camp complex) and attempts to separate
  Stalins crimes from true communism.

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Cold War in the1950s USSR (cont.)

• Repression and Dissent
• Polish and Hungarian intellectuals and students
  held demonstrations calling for free elections,
  withdrawal of Soviet troops, etc.
• 1956 Soviet Crackdown in Hungary
• Soviet tanks were sent in to crush dissent.
• Eastern Europe remained under Soviet control.

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Cold War in the1950s USSR (cont.)

• October 4, 1957 USSR launched the first
  satellite, Sputnik, into orbit.
• The Sputnik launch confirmed the Soviet Unions
  superpower status.
• Two months earlier they had tested an
  intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM).
• Khrushchev We will bury you

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The Cold War in the 1950s U.S.

• Dwight Eisenhower takes over from Truman in 1953.
• Democrats charged Republicans for missile gap
• Eisenhower responded.

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The Cold War in the 1950s U.S

• Eisenhower enlarged defense spending National
  Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
• By 1963, the U.S. had more missiles and bombers
  capable of striking the Soviet Union, compared to
  what could reach the U.S by the Soviet Union.

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The Third World

• In the 1950s, French intellectuals coined the
  term Third World.
• This describes the efforts of countries seeking a
  third way that was neither Western capitalism
  or Soviet communism.
• By the early 1960s, the term had come to identify
  a large bloc of countries from Asia, Africa, and
  Latin America.
• By the middle of the 1960s many Third World
  Nations found themselves in debt and dependency,
  many nations fell into dictatorship and
  authoritarian rule.

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The Cold War in the 1960s

• Khrushchev peaceful coexistence
• American U-2 spy plane shot down by Soviets in
  1960.
• In 1961, the Soviet begun construction of the
  Berlin Wall, which cut off movement between East
  and West Berlin and became a symbol of the
  eroding relations between the Soviet Union and
  the United States.

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Berlin Wall
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Cuban Missile Crisis

• Cuban Missile Crisis (October of 1962)
• The Soviet Union formed an alliance with Fidel
  Castro-led Cuba after the Cuban Revolution in
  1959.
• In 1962 JFK responded to the installation of
  nuclear missiles in Cuba with a naval blockade.
• Brought world closer to nuclear war the ever
  before.

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Détente

• A lessening of tensions in the Cold War
• After the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1963, many
  countries pulled back from confrontation to
  reduce the chances of nuclear war
• Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963)
• Prohibited testing in outer space, in the
  atmosphere, and underwater
• Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (1964)
• Nations agreed not to develop nuclear weapons
• Nations such as France, China, India, Pakistan,
  and other nations refused to sign

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Better U.S./Soviet Relations

• 1963 a hot line was installed so that the U.S.
  president and Soviet premier could defuse a
  potential crisis
• In 1963, the U.S. agreed to sell large quantities
  of wheat to the Soviet Union.
• This new trade relation would expand to include
  other goods.
• Tourism was encouraged.
• Culture exchanges.
• (Ex. Bolshoi Ballet Louis Armstrong)

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Soviet Union The Brezhnev Era

• Khrushchev was ousted from power in 1964 and
  replaced by Leonid Brezhnev
• The Brezhnev Era, 1964-82
• Military spending remained top priority
• Put an end to Khrushchevs de-Stalinization
  campaign
• Had a stroke in 1976
• Economic and political decline corruption,
  favoritism, and alcoholism increase
• Between 1982-85, Yuri Andropov and Konstantin
  Chernenko both die in office

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Eastern Europe

• Many Eastern European countries attempted to gain
  some level of autonomy during the 1960s
• Czechoslovakia tried to adopt liberal reforms
• The Prague Spring of 1968 hoped to produce a
  more humane socialism

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Czechoslovakia

• The Soviet Union invaded and Alexander Dubcek
  resigned.
• Involved about 500,000 Warsaw Pact troops
• Only a handful of soldiers died.
• More than 80 Czechoslovak citizens were killed.
• Several hundred wounded

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Germany and Détente

• Willy Brandt
• Chancellor of West Germany (1969-74)
• Proposed Ostpolitik (A hand offered to the East)
• In 1972, East and West Germany recognized each
  other and were both admitted to the U.N.

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Détente Agreements

• Nixon and Brezhnev signed a series of agreements
• Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)
• ABM Treaty
• Helsinki Agreements (1975)

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Collapse of Détente

• By the late 1970s, the optimism that the Cold War
  had virtually ended had faded.
• The continued Soviet military buildup and the
  Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 soured
  relations with the U.S.

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Collapse of Détente (cont.)

• As a result the U.S.
• Failed to ratify the 1979 SALT II Treaty.
• Boycotted the Olympics in Moscow in 1980.
• Placed an embargo on U.S. grain shipments to the
  Soviet Union.

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Regan Takes An Anti-Communist Stance

• Ronald Regan takes office in 1981
• Continued to move away from détente.
• Increased US defense spending
• Put economic and military pressure on Soviets.
• Announces the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
• A program to protect against enemy missiles.
• Never put into effect.

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Gorbachev Moves Towards Democracy

• By time Mikhail Gorbachev became partys new
  General Secretary in 1985 of the Soviet economy
  became stagnant.
• Looked into measures to revive the ailing state.
• An ineffectual start led to deeper structural
  changes becoming necessary.

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Gorbachev Reforms

• In June 1987 Gobachev announced an agenda of
  economic reform called perestroika, or
  restructuring.
• Relaxed production quota system.
• Allowed private ownership of business.
• Simultaneously introduced glasnost, or openness,
  which increased freedom of the press and the
  transparency of state institutions.

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Gorbachev Reforms (cont.)

• Glasnot was intended to reduce the corruption at
  the top of the Communist Party and moderate the
  abuse of power in the Central Committee.
• This also enabled contact between Soviet citizens
  and the western world.

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Thaw in Relations

• Third Reykjavik Summit led to a breakthrough.
• Signing of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces
  Treaty (INF)
• Eliminated all nuclear armed, ground-launched
  ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges between
  500 and 5,500 kilometers.

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East-West Tension subside

• First summit in Moscow in 1989
• Gorbachev and George H. W. Bush signed START I
  arms control treaty
• Soviets declared that they would no longer
  intervene in the affairs of Eastern Europe.
• In 1989, Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan.
• By 1990 Gorbachev consented to the reunification
  of Germany.

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Berlin Wall

• 1989 Berlin Wall comes down
• November 9 is considered the date the Wall fell,
  but the Wall in its entirety was not torn down
  immediately.
• December 3, 1989 Gorbachev and Reagan declared
  the Cold War over at the Malta Summit.

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The Soviet Union Faces Turmoil

• Powerful forces for democracy were building and
  Gorbachev decided not to oppose reform.
• Various nationalities in the Soviet Union called
  for their freedom.
• As reforms loosened central control Nationalist
  groups demanded self-rule.
• Georgia, Ukraine, and Moldavia.
• Muslim peoples of Soviet Central Asia called for
  religious freedom.

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Lithuania Defies Gorbachev

• In March 1990, Lithuania declared its
  independence.
• To force it back into the Soviet Union, Gorbachev
  ordered an economic blockade on the republic.
• In January 1991, Soviet troops attacked unarmed
  civilians in Lithuanias capital.
• 14 killed
• Hundreds wounded.

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Yeltsin Denounces Gorbachev

• Lack of economic progress is and the assault in
  Lithuania damage Gorbachevs popularity.
• People looked for leadership.
• Boris Yeltsin - Criticized crackdown on Lithuania
  and slow pace of reforms.
• In June 1991, voters chose Yeltsin to become the
  Russian Federations first directly elected
  President.

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Opposition to Reform

• In spite of rivalry Yeltsin and Gorbachev faced a
  common enemy in the old guard of Communist
  officials.
• Hardliners and Conservatives
• Opposed reforms.
• These officials vowed to overthrow Gorbachev

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The August Coup

• On August 18th, 1991 Gorbachev was detained at
  his vacation home on the Black Sea by the
  Hardliners.
• They demanded his resignation as Soviet President
• Early next day hundred of tanks and armored
  vehicles rolled into Moscow.

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The August Coup (cont.)

• Protesters gathered at the Russian parliament
  building.
• Around mid-day Yeltsin emerged and stood atop one
  of the tanks.
• Said the decisions of the committee was illegal
• On August 20, the hardliners ordered troops to
  attack the parliament building.
• The troops refused.
• Their refusal turned the tide.

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End of the Soviet Union

• Coup attempt sparked anger against Communist
  Party.
• Gorbachev resigned as general secretary of the
  party.
• The Soviet parliament voted to stop all party
  activities.
• Having seized power by a coup in 1917 the
  communist party collapsed now due to failed one.

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End of the Soviet Union (cont.)

• Coup played decisive role in accelerating the
  break up of the Soviet Union.
• Estonia and Latvia quickly declared independence.
• Other republics soon followed.
• Gorbachev pleaded for unity, but not one was
  listening.
• By early December, all 15 republics had declared
  independence.

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CIS and the End of the Soviet Union

• Yeltsin met with the leaders of the other
  republics to chart a new course.
• They agreed to form the Commonwealth for
  Independent States (CIS), a loose federation of
  former Soviet territories.
• Only Baltic republics and Georgia declined to
  join.
• The formation of the CIS meant the death of the
  Soviet Union.
• On Christmas Day 1991, Gorbachev announced his
  resignation as president of the Soviet Union, a
  country that ceased to exist.

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