ECOLOGY

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ORGANISM ? POPULATION

• a functioning creature
• Ex. One squirrel

• group of organisms
• of the same species
• Ex. All the wolves in
• a specific area

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COMMUNITY ? ECOSYSTEM

• a group of different populations which interact
  in a particular area
• Ex. All of the squirrels, trees, birds, insects
  etc. in a forest

• All of the living nonliving factors in a
  particular area
• Ex. A forest (includes all the organisms the
  soil, water etc.)

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Community

• Groups of different populations that live in a
  defined area

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BIOME ? BIOSPHERE

• A group of ecosystems with the same climate
  similar communities
• Ex. Temperate Deciduous Forest

• any where on Earth that organisms can live

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Ecological Methods

• Observing
• Descriptive (observations)
• Quantitative (measurements)
• Experimenting
• In lab or in the field
• Modeling
• Mathematical/computer

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Producers (self-feeders)

• also known as the autotrophs
• produce their own food
• use the processes of photosynthesis or
  chemosynthesis

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Photosynthesis -green plants produce sugar
Chemosynthesis -bacteria produce ATP from
inorganic substances
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Consumers

• can not make their own food
• also known as heterotrophs

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Types of Heterotrophs

• Herbivores
• plant eating organisms
• Primary Consumers (1st to eat plants)

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Types of Heterotrophs

• Carnivores
• Eat other animals
• Secondary Consumers (eat the primary consumers)

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Types of Heterotrophs

• Omnivores
• Eat both plant animal matter

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Types of Heterotrophs

• Detrivores (scavengers)
• Feed on plant animal remains

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Types of Heterotrophs

• Decomposers
• special heterotrophs which break down organic
  matter
• recyclers
• Make essential nutrients available
• Ex.
• Bacteria
• fungi

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Feeding Relationships

• A food chain shows the flow of energy between the
  organisms in an environment

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Food Webs (interconnected food chains)

• show the directions that energy flows in an
  ecosystem.

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Energy Moves in a Food Web
Other animals get energy from the fat and protein
in other animals
Some animals get glucose from plants
Plants make glucose from light
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Parts of a Food Web

• Producers organisms that use light to store
  energy in organic compounds.
• (examples plants, algae, phytoplankton)

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Parts of a Food Web

• Where are the producers in the food web below?

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Parts of a Food Web

• Consumers organisms that eat other organisms to
  get organic compounds that they use for energy
• (examples humans, cows, insects, birds)

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Parts of a Food Web

• Where are the consumers in the food web below?

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Tertiary Consumer
Secondary Consumer
Primary Consumer
Producer
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Population Impacts in a Food Web

• If the population of organisms at any level of
  the food web changes, it will affect the
  population at other levels

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• If the population of producers decreases, then
  the population of primary consumers will decrease
  if they dont have enough food.

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• If the population of primary consumers decreases,
  then
• The producers will increase because there are
  less consumers eating them
• The secondary consumers will decrease because
  there is less food for them

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Energy Pyramids

• More energy at the bottom, decreases as the
  pyramid moves up the food web

Less Energy
More Energy
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Energy Pyramid Labels
Tertiary Consumers
Secondary Consumers
Primary Consumers
Producers
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Energy Transfer in Energy Pyramids

• Each trophic level of the energy pyramid supplies
  energy to the level above it.
• Each transfer loses 90 of the energy
• Only 10 of the energy at a level is passed to
  the next level up!
• 90 is lost - used for movement, respiration,
  reproduction lost as heat (not a useable form
  of energy)

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Energy Transfer (percents)
0.1
1
10
100
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Energy Transfer (calories)
1 calorie
10 calories
100 calories
1,000 calories
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Biomass Pyramid

• total amount of living tissue in a trophic level
• represents amount of potential food available for
  each trophic level

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Abiotic Factors
(nonliving factors)

• Inorganic Matter
• not living, never was living
• does not include carbon
• ex. - rocks minerals water

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Abiotic Factors

• 2. Organic matter
• Carbon based
• Includes decomposed organisms
• waste products of organisms

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Abiotic Factors

• 3. Physical Factors
• Other factors which influence organisms
• Ex. Temperature, amount of sunlight, rainfall etc.

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• Abiotic factors

• Biotic factors

• Water
• Soil
• Wind or Air
• Gases
• oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen
• Temperature
• Sunlight
• pH
• Acid or base

• Humans
• Bacteria
• Fungus
• Plants
• Insects
• Amphibians
• Reptiles
• Mammals
• Birds

What are living factors called?
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Abiotic or Biotic?

• The air temperature is 45 degrees F
• The soil is made of rocks and minerals
• A bird lays eggs
• Bacteria break down dead organisms
• The pH or the water is 2 (acidic)

abiotic
abiotic
biotic
biotic
abiotic
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Which of the following is a relationship between
abiotic and biotic factors?

• A) The rain on an open field washes away soil
• B) A hawk hunts a mouse and swoops down into the
  forest for the kill
• C) A lake has very acidic water which causes many
• fish populations to die
• D) A deer grazes in a field of grasses

Abiotic
Biotic
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Habitats

• A habitat is the place in which an organism
  lives.
• Made up of the soil, air, and water, as well as
  the plants of the area. (incl. biotic abiotic
  factors)
• Can you think of other examples?

Pond
Thicket
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Meadow
Forest stream
Marsh
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Niche

• A niche is the role or job of a specific
  organism.
• Each organism has a specific niche.
• Includes how the organism uses the biotic and
  abiotic conditions to survive.
• Includes its role in the food web
• Includes when and how reproduction occurs

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• Giraffes gazelles share habitat, not niches
  (they eat different food no competition)

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Predation
One organism captures and feeds on the other.
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Predator Prey -a larger organism (predator)
feeds on a smaller organism (prey)
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Competition

• organisms of the same or different species
  attempt to use an ecological resource in the same
  place at the same time.

Resources - Food, water, nutrients, sunlight,
space, shelter
Invasive wetland plant that overtakes native
plants that provide better nutrition/habitat for
water fowl
Purple Loosestrife (from Great Britain)
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competitive exclusion principle No two species
may occupy the same niche in the same habitat at
the same time.

• one species will always use the
• resources more efficiently

• that species will reproduce more

• slight advantage leads to the
• elimination of the weaker competitor

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Ex. Intraspecific Competition
Competition among organisms of the same species
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Ex. Interspecific Competition
Competition among organisms of different species
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Symbiosis

• Symbiosis a long-term relationship between two
  organisms in an ecosystem.

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Types of Symbiosis

1. Mutualism both organisms benefit from their
   relationship
2. Commensalism one organism benefits, and the
   other is unaffected
3. Parasitism one organisms benefits, and the other
   is harmed

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Parasitism -a smaller organism (parasite) feeds
on a larger organism (host)
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Name That Symbiosis

• Leeches feed off of the lamprey below, and
  eventually cause it to die.

parasitism
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Name That Symbiosis

• A clown fish lives among the sea anemone. The
  clown fish gains protection, but the anemone is
  neither harmed nor helped.

commensalism
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Name That Symbiosis

• Ox-peckers live on the heads of the ox, eating
  insects and keeping the ox clean. The birds also
  get a place to live.

mutualism
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Tapeworm Scolex may attach to human intestines

parasitism
head with hooks and suckers
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Cleaner fish
mutualism
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Shark Remora
commensalism
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Lichens (fungus algae)
mutualism