Society%20and%20health

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Society and health

• Health

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Health

• Explain factors which cause ill health
• Understand the causes of major health problems in
  the UK
• Describe diabetes, coeliac disease and
  osteoporosis.
• Describe CHD and risk factors
• Explain how diet influences health
• Identify reports and advice relating to health

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What is health?

• A state of complete physical, social and mental
  well-being and not merely the absence of disease.
  (WHO, 1948)
• WHO broadened this definition in 1986 to
• Health is seen as a resource for everyday life,
  not the objective of living. It is a positive
  concept emphasising social and personal resources
  as well as physical capabilities.
• Health promoters have now come to regard health
  in broader terms- linking in family values,
  aspirations, housing, employment and self esteem
  as part of health. To reduce ill health, these
  factors need to be addressed.
• WHY?

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Factors affecting health

• Individual factors- fixed factors- genetic
  makeup, gender and age. No control/ cant do
  anything about them
• Behaviour and lifestyle factors- can be modified-
  smoking, alcohol, drugs, exercise, diet and
  sexual activity. (some individuals find it
  difficult to make healthy choices because of
  their personal circumstances.)
• Social network- friends and family support.
• Issues in society- societal factors, not much
  control over- where we live and work, access to
  health services, expectations in society.

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Incidence and causes of major health problems.

• In the 1900s, 25 of deaths were caused by
  infectious diseases. This compares to only 1 in
  2000. Improvements in housing, health care and
  sanitation have contributed to a lower incidence
  of infectious diseases. However, deaths from
  cancer and CHD have increased. These deaths
  account for 2/3 of all deaths in the UK.
• Diet and lifestyle- balanced diet should
  encourage good overall health. Poor diet is
  associated with some cancers, heart disease,
  stroke and tooth decay.
• Research suggests that low income households
  consume large quantities of foods rich in sugar,
  salt and fat, and small amounts of fresh fruit
  and vegetables. Why do you think this is?
• Obesity- the DoH estimates that obesity is
  responsible for more than 9000 deaths per year in
  England. Obese people are more likely to suffer
  from low-self image, social stigma and reduced
  mobility, as well as being more prone to CHD,
  type 2 diabetes and cancers.

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Continued..

• Dental decay
• Internationally, tooth decay is a significant
  health problem.
• Physical activity
• Prevents heart disease, builds healthy bones and
  helps maintain good mental health. Physical
  inactivity is a risk factor for CHD, stroke, type
  2 diabetes, hypertension and mental health
  problems.
• Research shows that higher socio-economic groups
  exercise more than low.
• Smoking
• Leads to early deaths in England. Greatest number
  of deaths occurs in most deprived areas. Smoking
  is the main cause of lung cancer and is linked to
  CHD, cancer of the mouth, kidney, stomach and
  pancreas.
• What is passive smoking?
• Activity 8- page 78

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Cont.

• Alcohol
• This has been linked to domestic violence, car
  accidents, falls and alcohol poisoning. Alcohol
  consumption is linked to cancer of the mouth,
  liver and breast, CHD and stroke.
• Follow DoH recommendations.
• Sexual health-
• Teenage girls living in deprived areas are four
  times more likely to fall pregnant than those
  from affluent areas.
• STIs are increasing.
• Drugs-
• Research has indicated that deprived people are
  more likely to take drugs.
• ACTIVITY 5/8

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Inequalities in health.

• There are health inequalities in the UK. Not
  everyone has the same chance to be healthy.
• Poverty- more likely to cause ill health-
  smoking, drinking and not exercising.
• Employment- the employed live longer than the
  unemployed. Research has suggested that
  unemployment is associated with smoking.
• Housing- overcrowding- stress and spread of
  infection. Squalor- increase in disease.
• Access to health services- deprived areas less
  likely to receive suitable health care.
• How do the above factors affect health?

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Diets for different groups- activity sheet-
activity 1.

• What is diabetes (type 1 and 2), and what diet is
  needed?
• What is coeliac disease? What diet is needed?
• What is osteoporosis? What diet is needed?
• Pages 80-85
• What is CHD? What diet is needed?

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Health, social and environmental factors
influencing CHD- activity 2 and 3.

• Family history
• Increasing age
• Ethnic background- Asian or black at higher risk.
• Gender- men are at greater risk.
• Socio-economic disadvantage
• Low birth weight
• Smoking
• High blood pressure
• Obesity
• Stress
• Lack of exercise
• High blood cholesterol
• Type 2 diabetes
• Activity 21- page 89

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Diet and lifestyle factors affecting CHD

• Type and quantity of fats consumed- trans fats
  are very bad for you- from processing margarine,
  saturated fat silts up arteries also. Omega 3
  oils are beneficial to health.
• Levels of salt- cause High blood pressure.
• Levels of calcium- high intake reduces CHD
• Alcohol consumption- increases CHD risk
• Fruit and vegetables consumption- high intake
  leads to a reduction in CHD- fruit and veg
  contains ANTIOXIDANTS which prevent CHD.
• ACTIVITY 22- page 89

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Health education policies and advice

• Health of the nation, 1991
• A report written to establish the health of
  people in society, emphasis was on individuals
  taking responsibility for their own health.
  Preventative health measures.
• Health was measured by life expectancy, current
  dietary trends- Fat and salt consumption are at
  present too high in general, and fruit and
  vegetables intake too low , lifestyle and food
  choices, The eat well plate and physical
  exercise.
• Activity 24

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Choosing health

• The government has attempted to address
  ill-health by introducing legislation, strategies
  and policies to change our behaviour. One of
  these ways was Choosing health making healthy
  choices easier, 2004.
• This outlined the fact that there has been a
  sharp rise in obesity, slow decline in smoking,
  growing problems with alcohol, teenage pregnancy
  and STIs. it also identified key health
  priorities reduce the number of people who
  smoke, reduce obesity, increase exercise,
  encourage and support sensible drinking, improve
  sexual and mental health.

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How can the government help?

• Give information
• Help children and young people to be healthy
• Help local communities- NHS/local organisations
• Make health a way of life
• Help people be healthy in work and help people
  get a job.
• Emphasis should be on people making informed
  choices.

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Health Strategies.

• The 5 a day programme- 5 pieces of fruit and veg
  a day is recommended.
• The school fruits and vegetables scheme- all 4-6
  year olds are entitled to a free piece of fruit
  or vegetable each school day.
• Personal advice- NHS train- healthy eating
• Interventions- government to make unhealthy food
  less appealing.
• Healthy start- replaces welfare food scheme,
  those who claim benefits, are pregnant or under
  18 can claim free vouchers every week that can be
  swapped for fresh fruit and vegetables, milk and
  infant formula.
• The School Food Trust- transform school food,
  promote education. A new set of food based
  standards is to be introduced in Primary schools
  by Sept 2008 and in secondary schools by Sept
  2009. Looked at preventing Obesity in childhood.
• What are they? Page 96

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Other initiatives

• The National Healthy Schools Programme- 4 themes-
  PSHE, Healthy eating, Physical activity,
  Emotional health and well-being. We have passed
  the NQA for healthy schools.
• The Walk Once a Week Scheme (WoW)
• Cycling to school.
• Extended schools- breakfast club
• Schools own initiative.

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Value of health education policies

• Improve nations health
• Put less burden on NHS- reduce health costs.
• Logos- eat well plate, 5 a day on packaging-
  accessible to all.
• Activity 31.