CHOOSE HAPPINESS!

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CHOOSE HAPPINESS!

• The basic thing is that everyone wants
  happiness, no one wants suffering And happiness
  mainly comes from our own attitude rather than
  external factors. If your own mental attitude is
  correct, even if you remain in a hostile
  environment, you feel happy.
• -Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama

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THE IMMUNE SYSTEMSystem of defense against
pathogens

• Please refer to pages 1-5 of your Common Diseases
  of Companion Animals book and pages 242-246 in
  your Clinical Anatomy and Physiology book

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Immunology

• Immunity
• The ability of the body to fight infection and/or
  foreign invaders by producing antibodies or
  killing infected cells.
• DIVIDED INTO 2 LARGE CATEGORIES NONSPECIFIC AND
  SPECIFIC IMMUNITY
• Immune System
• The system in the body responsible for
  maintaining homeostasis by recognizing harmful
  from non-harmful organisms and producing an
  appropriate response.

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Foreign Invaders

• Called Pathogens
• Viruses, bacteria or other living thing that
  causes disease/immune response.
• Antigens
• Soluble substances Toxins foreign proteins
• Particulate Bacteria/ tissue cell

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Parts of the Immune System

• Blood - White Blood Cells in particular
• Bone Marrow Produces B Lymphocytes and T
  lymphocytes
• Thymus Gland consist of T Lymphocytes
  (originally produced in the bone marrow)
• Recognizes self from non-self
• Mature and than move to spleen lymph nodes
  looking for invaders
• 4. Normal functioning nutrition, stress,
  sanitation and age

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Nonspecific vs. Specific
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IMMUNOLOGY NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY

• NONSPECIFIC IMMUNITY - INCUDES SPECIES
  RESISTANCE, MECHANICAL/CHEMICAL BARRIERS, AND
  INFLAMMATION
• First Line of Defense The Skin
• Provides Physical/mechanical and Chemical
  barriers
• Physical hard to penetrate, made of
  indigestible keratin, hairs
• Chemical tears, sweat, mucous, saliva ,
  enzymes, sebum

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Second Line of Defense Inflammatory
Response When foreign invaders gain access to
the body
IMMUNOLOGY NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY

• SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION
• REDNESS
• HEAT
• PAIN
• SWELLING
• cells of the invaded tissue release enzymes
  called mediators that attract white blood cells
  via chemotaxis. Blood vessels dilate and become
  more permeable. Specific white blood cells,
  usually neutrophils, begin to gobble up the
  foreign material (phagocytosis).

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Nonspecific Immunity

• Inteferon
• Substance that prevents replication of virus in
  the host cell
• Complement
• Group of enzymes activated by specific
  nonspecific immune system
• Act on cell wall gt pores in membranes gt
  rupture/lysis of the cell

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IMMUNOLOGY SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSEThird Line
of Defense Specific Immune Response Conducted
by 2 types of white blood cells called
lymphocytes (B-cell And T cell lymphoctyes)

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IMMUNOLOGY SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE

• This is a specific response to a specific
  pathogen/antigen.
• B-cell lymphocytes are responsible for humoral
  immunity, which involves the creation of
  Antibodies.
• Clone of cells some plasma cells gt Ab and others
  become memory cells
• Long time to respond
• Memory cells and Ag is presented again than it is
  shorter
• T-cell lymphocytes carry out cell-mediated
  immunity by directly combining with the foreign
  cell and destroying it or rendering it incapable
  of causing disease
• Macrophages help present antigen antigen
  presenting cells
• Faster response

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The Pathway of Specific Immune Response
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Immune Response Explained

1. Antigen infects cells.
2. Macrophage ingests antigen and displays portion
   on its surface.
3. Helper T- Cell recognizes antigen on the surface
   of the macrophage,binds to it, becomes sensitized
   and rapidly divides.
4. Sensitized Helper T-Cell divide into Cytotoxic
   T-Cells, helper T-cells, suppressor T-cells, or
   become memory T-cells.
5. Active Cytotoxic T-Cells kill infected cells and
   memory T-cells wait for a second infection of the
   same antigen.
6. At the same time, B-Cells divide into Plasma
   Cells and Memory B- Cells.
7. Plasma cells produce antibodies that deactivate
   pathogen.
8. Memory T and Memory B cells remain in the body to
   speed up the response if the same antigen
   reappears.
9. Supressor T-Cells stop the immune response when
   all antigens have been destroyed.

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Immune Response Summary
Displays copy of antigen on surface of cell
Cellular Immunity
Antibody Immunity
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Cellular Immunity .vs. Antibody Immunity
Cellular Immunity (cell-mediated) Antibody
(Humoral) Immunity

• Carried out by T-Cells
• Infected cells are killed by Cytotoxic T Cells.

• Carried out by B-cells
• Antibodies are produced and dumped into blood
  stream.
• Antibodies bind to antigens and deactivate them.

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Antibodies

• Y-shaped protein molecule.
• Made up of variable and constant regions.
• Made up of Heavy and Light chains.
• Produced by B-Lymphocytes
• Function Recognize antigens, bind to and
  deactivate them.
• Note Variable region recognizes the anitgens.

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How an antibody operates/works
Deactivation of a bacterium by an antibody.
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Primary .vs. Secondary Immune Response

• Primary Immune Response
• This is a response to an invader the First time
  the invader infects the body.
• No measurable immune response for first few days.
• Next 10 15 days antibody production grows
  steadily
• Secondary Immune Response
• A more rapid response to an invader the 2nd time
  it invades the body.
• Antibody production increases dramatically and in
  a much shorter time period..

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Primary .vs. Secondary Immune Response
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Development of Immunity

• Inherited immunity
• Genetic factors that affect baby before birth
• E.g. giving tetanus to mothers so babies can
  inherit this protection via placenta
• Acquired immunity resistance after birth
• Natural
• Artificial

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Development of Immunity

• Natural Immunity
• This is immunity that occurs whenever an animal
  is naturally exposed to a pathogen. Natural
  immunity can be active or passive.
• active when the animals own immune system
  encounters a pathogen and mounts an immune
  response
• passive when antibodies are given to a person
  or animal from the blood or colostrum from
  another person or animal.
• this type of immunity only lasts for a short
  period of time.
• Colostrum is major source of antibodies in
  young puppies
• Artificial Immunity
• This is immunity where a deliberate exposure to
  the pathogen is created (i.e. vaccinations). An
  injection of a weakened strain of an infectious
  microbe (pathogen) causes the body to undergo an
  immune response. This is also an example of
  active immunity.

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Autoimmune Disease

• Autoimmune diseases are diseases where the immune
  system begins to attack itself.
• Ex
• Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
• Autoimmune skin diseases
• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
• Cause(s) unknown
• Cures/Treatments No known cures. Usually
  treated with drugs (steroids, other
  immunomodulating drugs,etc).

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Allergies

• Allergy
• - An exaggerated response by the immune system
  to an allergen.
• Allergen a normally harmless substance that
  causes an allergic reaction.
• ex dust, pollen, mould, food, insect stings
• Types of Allergic reactions
• There are two types of allergic reactions.
• a. Immediate occurs within seconds and
  normally lasts for about 30 mins.
• b. Delayed takes longer-hours to days- to
  react and can last for a much longer time.

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What happens during an allergic reaction?

• During an allergic reaction antibodies cause
  histamines to be released from certain cells.
• Histamines cause
• a. Swelling of tissues
• b. Release of fluids (runny noses and eyes)
• c. muscle spasms (some cases)
• d. vasodilation (heat)
• Anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock
• This is the sudden and severe allergic reaction
  to a substance that can cause death.
• Treatments for Allergies
• Avoidance of allergen especially food.
• Epinephrine epi-pen
• Antihistamines -- benadryl