Diversity Project

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Diversity Project

• By Narges, Jorden and Chantal

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Bryophytes Anatomy
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Bryophytes Anatomy

•  Rhizoids are short and thin filaments. They
  absorb nutrients and water from the surrounding
  plants. Rhizoids, are not technically roots, but
  they act as a root system for plants.
• Simple leaf is a leaf which is not divided into
  parts.
• Sporangium reproduces through a structure called
  a sporangia. It is a round, hard case that holds
  thousands of spores.
• Sporangium and seta play an important role in
  transfer of materials.

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Bryophytes life cycle

• Alternation of generation occurs in mosses like
  all the other plants. Alternation of generation
  means that a multi-cellular haploid phase
  (gametophyte) alternates with a multi-cellular
  diploid phase (sporophyte). Diploid means that
  there are two sets of chromosomes in the cell and
  haploid means that there is one set.
• Gametophytes are either male or female. The male
  gametophytes produce sperm and the female
  produces egg.

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Examples of Bryophytes
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Bryophtes physiology

• Brophyta (mosses), Hepatophyta (liverworts), and
  Anthocerophyta (hornworts) are the three main
  classes within the Bryophytes.
• Bryophytes are non-vascular plants that are small
  and grow closer to one another. They have the
  ability to grow on leaves, trunks of other trees,
  soil, and even on rocks.
• They have the ability to flourish in the moist
  and damp areas of the forests. This helps them to
  absorb water and help the other plants and trees
  to grow in dry season.
• Bryophytes are capable of absorbing anything that
  are around them which helps the environmental
  engineers to study the pollutants present in the
  particular area. Bryophytes also help with
  mineral recycling.

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Bryophytes Life Cycle
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The life cycle

• A mature moss gametophyte produces reproductive
  structures at the tip of the plant. For some moss
  species the male and female reproductive
  structures are on the same plant, while for
  others they are on separate plants. Through
  mitosis, the female gametophyte produces haploid
  female gametes, or eggs and the male gametophyte
  produces haploid male gametes, or sperm.
• When it rains, sperm are released and splashed
  onto the female gametophyte. One sperm swims down
  the neck to fertilize the egg. This union
  produces a diploid zygote, the first cell of the
  Sporophyte phase. The zygote divides and grows
  into an embryo. The embryo grows and develops
  into a Sporopyte. The Sporophyte remains attached
  to the gametophyte and is dependent on it for
  nutrients and water.
• The mature Sporophyte consists of a sporangium
  (capsule) and stalk. Inside the sporangium, the
  diploid cells undergo meiosis, producing
  thousands of haploid spores. When conditions are
  right, the spore divides through mitosis to
  produce a long, multi-branched, photosynthetic
  strand called the protonema. Over time, the
  protonema develops buds, the buds develop into a
  leafy gametophyte, and the moss life cycle
  continues.

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Obtaining food

• Photosynthesis is the process of converting light
  energy to chemical energy and storing it in the
  bonds of sugar.
• 6 CO2 6 H2Olight energy ? C6H12O6 6 O2
• Carbon dioxide Water Light energy ? Glucose
  Oxygen
• Photosynthesis is the same in all the plants.
• During photosynthesis, sunlight energy is stored
  in carbohydrate for later use.
• Most of the carbohydrates stay in the plant but
  some of it goes else where, perhaps into the
  stem, or maybe in a underground storage area,
  like potato plants.

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Photosynthesis
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Respiration

• Cellular respiration is a process where the
  plants take in glucose (sugar) and carbon dioxide
  and they produce molecules of water, oxygen and
  ATP.
• There are three stages in cellular respiration
• Glycolosis which occurs in the cytoplasm. It
  produces two molecules of pyruvate acid, two NADH
  and two ATPs.
• Krebs cycle which happens in the matrix of
  mitochondria. And it produces two ATPs, six
  NADH, two FADH2,and four co2.
• Electron transport chain happens in the inner
  membrane of mitochondria(cristae) uses NADH and
  FADH2. it produces 32 ATPs. Prokaryotic produces
  38 ATPs, and eukaryotic produces 36 ATPS.
• Our plants excrete oxygen during this process.

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Circulation (Vascular plants)

• Water and dissolved minerals enter a plant's
  roots from the soil by means of diffusion and
  osmosis.
• These substances then travel upward in the plant
  in xylem vessels. The transpiration theory
  ascribes this ascending flow to a pull from
  above, caused by transpiration, the evaporation
  of water from leaves.
• The long water column stays intact due to the
  strong cohesion between water molecules.
  Carbohydrates, produced in leaves by
  photosynthesis, travel downward in plants in
  specialized tissue, phloem.
• This involves active transport of sugars into
  phloem cells and water pressure to force
  substances from cell to cell.

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Locomotion

• Most people believe that since plants simply
  transform light into chemical energy, they only
  need to be in one place with a maximum surface
  area to capture sunlight. Actually, some plants
  have a creative ways of moving their leaves in
  response to a wide variety of stimuli, such as
  touch and light. The movement of the leaf can be
  either very fast or very slow. Motor cells
  located in the region, called the pulvinus
  control the movement of the plant. These kind of
  cells either shrink or swell because of the
  inward flow or outward flow of water.

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Gymnosperms (naked seed)Ginkgophyta
(Ginkgo)Cycadophyta (Cycad)Gnetophyta
(Conifers)
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Gymnosperms
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Ginkgophyta (Ginkgo) Anatomy
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Cycadophyta (Cycad)

• The basic anatomy of a cycad consists of a trunk,
  which may be underground or aboveground depending
  on the species roots leaves and one or more
  cones, if the plant is mature and in season.

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Gnetophyta (Conifers)
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Gymnosperms physiology

• Ginkgophyta (Ginkgo) played a crucial role in
  Chinese herbal medicine for many centuries. It
  cures Alzheimer's disease, increase circulation,
  tastes like almonds and smells like rancid
  butter. is a highly adaptable plant that can grow
  in almost any temperate or Mediterranean climate.
  It is also resistant to pollution and pests.

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Gymnosperms physiology

• Cycadophyta (Cycad) Cycads are an ancient group
  of seed plants with a crown of large compound
  leaves and a stout trunk. They are a minor
  component of the flora in tropical and
  subtropical regions. Some cycads grow in moist
  areas and in dense forests, while others are
  found in exposed places and in semi desert
  regions.

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Gymnosperms physiology

• Gnetophyta (Conifers) A tree that is a
  gymnosperm, usually evergreen, with cones and
  needle-shaped or scale-like leaves. Trees called
  softwoods are coniferous. They include pine,
  spruces, firs, and cedars. Wood hardness varies
  among the conifer species, and some are actually
  harder than some hardwoods.

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Life cycle

• Gymnosperms Life cycle takes about two years to
  complete. The photosynthetic part of the life
  cycle is the sporophyte. In the pine, the cones
  are the specialized reproductive elements where
  process of division takes place. The male cones
  produce the Pollen grains, and contain the male
  gametophyte. When pollen is released, the wind
  carries it to the female cones.
• The cones will be close, until the following year.

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Gymnosperms Life Cycle
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Ptreidophytes Psilophyta (Whisk
fern)Sphenophyta (Horsetails)Lycophyta (club
mosses)
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Ptreidophytes
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Psilophyta (Whisk fern) Anatomy
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Sphenophyta (Horsetails) Anatomy
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Lycophyta (club mosses) Anatomy
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Pteridophytes

• Root Anatomy

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Bibliography

• http//hcs.osu.edu/hcs300/gymno.htm
• http//www.biologyreference.com/Po-Re/Pteridophyte
  s.html
• http//science.jrank.org/pages/1497/Circulatory-Sy
  stem-Circulation-in-vascular-plants.html
• http//scidiv.bellevuecollege.edu/rkr/botany110/le
  ctures/bryophytes.html
• http//www.cavehill.uwi.edu/FPAS/bcs/bl14apl/pter1
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• http//www.esu.edu/milewski/intro_biol_two/lab_2_
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  tm