Biodiversity

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Biodiversity

• Animal Groups

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Cnidarians

• Soft-bodied, carnivorous animals that have
  stinging tentacles arranged in circles around
  their mouths.
• Nematocytes stinging cells
• Do not have true organs
• A gastrovascular cavity serves as both mouth and
  anus
• Simplest animals to have body symmetry and
  specialized tissues.
• Radial symmetry

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Cnidarians

• 2 Main Forms
• Medusa free swimming/floating, umbrella shaped,
  mouth usually on the concave side of the
  umbrella, tentacles usually protrude from the
  umbrella rim
• Examples jelly fish
• Polyp usually sessile or immobile. One end of
  the tubular body is attached to a substrate with
  the mouth and tentacles at the other end
• Examples sea anemones, hydra

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Cnidarians
Jellyfish
Corals Sea Anemones
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Cnidarian Groups

• Jellyfish
• Free swimming
• Bell shaped with trailing tentacles (medusa)
• Have stinging cells in the tentacles to capture
  prey

• Sea Anemones
• Non-mobile
• Look like an upside-down jellyfish (polyp)
• Have tentacles with stinging cells
• Corals
• Live in colonies and build reefs made of calcium
  carbonate

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Arthropods

• Largest animal phylum making up over 85 if all
  known animals
• Segmented body, a tough exoskeleton (external
  covering) that is molted (shed) to allow the
  animal to grow, and jointed appendages.
• Cold blooded with an open circulatory system
• First to have bilateral symmetry

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Arthropods
Crustaceans
Chelicerata
horseshoe crabs and arachnids
Uniramians
Insects, centipedes, millipedes
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Arthropod Groups

• Crustaceans
• Free swimming aquatic animals
• 3 body segments head, thorax, and abdomen
• Important economical food source for humans

• Chelicerata
• Mostly terrestrial (some aquatic like horseshoe
  crabs)
• Many have fangs with venom (spiders)

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Arthropod Groups

• Uniramians
• Includes 3 groups
• Insects, centipedes/millipedes, and velvet worms
• Most are terrestrial
• Variety of body plans

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Mollusks

• Soft-bodied animals that usually have an internal
  or external shell.
• Bilateral symmetry
• Divided into 3 body regions Head, Foot, and
  visceral mass
• Head contains sense organs and brain
• Visceral mass contains internal organs
• Have a well defined nervous and circulatory
  system

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Mollusks
Bivalves
Cephalopods
Gastropods
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Mollusk Groups

• Bivalves
• Has 2 shells (called valves) joined with a hinge
• Marine and freshwater species
• Filter feeders

• Gastropods
• Both aquatic and terrestrial
• Have either 1 shell (snails) or no shell (slugs)
• Have a radula for feeding (tongue with small
  teeth)

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Mollusk Groups

• Cephalopods
• Marine animals
• Majority have a small internal shell (except
  Nautilus)
• Means head-foot, have a well develop head
  region and advanced nervous system

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Fishes

• Aquatic vertebrates that are characterized by
  paired fins, scales, and gills.
• Vertebrates have a backbone
• Endoskeleton is made out of bone in bony fish
• Endoskeleton is made out of cartilage in
  cartilaginous fish
• Cold blooded, poikilotherm (internal temperature
  varies according to environment)

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Fishes

• Breathe by passing oxygenated water over gills
• Swim bladder allows some fish to control buoyancy
• Not present in cartilaginous fish

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Fishes
Bony
Cartilaginous
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Fish Groups

• Cartilaginous Fish
• Skeleton made of cartilage
• Sharks, skates, and rays
• Skin covered with small teeth called placoid
  scales, feels like sandpaper
• Chondrichthyes

• Bony Fish
• Skeleton made of bone
• Gills are covered by a hard operculum
• Osteichthyes

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Amphibians

• A vertebrate that mostly lives in water as a
  larvae (eggs must be laid in water) and on land
  as an adult, breathes with lungs as an adult, has
  moist skin that contains mucus glands, and lacks
  scales and claws.
• External fertilization
• Cold blooded

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Amphibians

• Breathe through gills as larvae and lungs or skin
  as adults
• First to have a three chambered heart

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Amphibians
Salamanders Newts
Frogs Toads
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Amphibian groups

• Salamanders and Newts
• Look like lizards
• Have teeth
• Can regenerate lost limbs

• Frogs and Toads
• Mostly carnivorous
• Powerful jumping legs
• Large protruding eyes
• No tail as an adult
• No real difference between frogs and toads except
  toads have warty skin

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Reptiles

• A vertebrate that has dry, scaly skin, lungs, and
  terrestrial eggs (have a shell)
• Oviparous Internal fertilization
• Cold blooded
• Breathe through lungs
• Ectothermic regulation of body temperature
  depends on external factors (cannot regulate own
  temperature)

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Reptiles
Lizards Snakes
Turtles Tortoises
Crocodilians
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Reptile Groups

• Lizards and Snakes
• Lizards have feet and external ears, snakes do
  not
• Can detach their tails to avoid predators
• Many have color vision
• Snakes have tiny leg bones inside their body

• Crocodiles
• Includes crocodiles, alligators, and caimans
• Long snout, powerful jaws, long tail used for
  swimming
• Ears, eyes and nostrils on top of head
• Very fast both in water and out

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Reptile Groups

• Turtles and Tortoises
• Tortoise usually refers to an land-dwelling,
  non-swimming turtle
• Upper shell called a carapace, lower shell called
  the plastron
• Can be herbivorous or carnivorous
• Have great night vision

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Birds

• Reptile-like vertebrate animals that are
  endothermic (maintain a constant internal body
  temperature).
• They have an outer covering of feathers two legs
  that are covered with scales and front limbs
  modified into wings.
• However not all birds can fly
• First to have a 4 chambered heart

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Birds
Tropical Birds
Birds of Prey
Seabirds / Shorebirds
Song Birds
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Bird Groups

• Birds of Prey
• Also known as raptors
• Hawks, eagles, falcons, and owls
• Great vision, powerful curved talons (claws) and
  sharp beaks
• Carnivorous

• Song Birds
• Types of perching birds
• Use songs to mark territory and find mates
• Wrens, bluebirds, starlings, sparrows, and
  swallows

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Bird Groups

• Tropical Birds
• Very colorful
• Found in tropical rainforests
• Popular pets, can repeat human words
• Parrots, macaws,

• Sea and Shore Birds
• Found near marine/ocean environment
• Have webbed feet and a strong sends of smell
• Salt glands that secrete salt to deal with the
  large amount of salt ingested while drinking and
  eating
• Penguins, albatross, pelicans, and gulls

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Mammals

• An endothermic vertebrate that have a mammary
  gland (produce milk) and have hair.
• All mammals breathe air, and have 4-chambered
  hearts.
• Warm blooded

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Mammals
Perissodactyls
Monotremes Marsupials
Hoofed animals
Egg-laying
Raise young in pouch
Carnivora
Primates
Cetaceans
Limbs modified into flippers
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Mammal Groups

• Perissodactyls
• Mammals with hooves
• Herbivorous grazers
• Horses, donkey, zebra, and rhinos

• Carnivora
• Mostly carnivorous but can be omnivorous
• Have strong, sharp claws, prominent teeth with
  cutting edges to cut meat
• Cats, wolves, bears, seals, otters, hyenas

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Mammal Groups

• Cetaceans
• Marine mammals
• Blowholes (nostrils) on top of head to breath air
• Very large
• Make up for poor vision (except dolphin) with
  excellent hearing and echolocation
• Whales, dolphins, and porpoises

• Primates
• Very diverse group
• Terrestrial, adapted to climb trees
• Rather large brains, better vision than smell
• Long life-spans with advanced maternal care
• Monkeys, apes, lemurs, humans

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Mammal Groups

• Marsupials
• Young are carried in a pouch
• Kangaroos, koalas, opossums, and Tasmanian devils

• Monotremes
• Egg laying mammals
• Only 5 living species, 4 types of echidna and the
  duck-billed platypus