Chapter 10: Intelligence and Intelligence Testing

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Chapter 10 Intelligence and Intelligence Testing
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The Nature of Intelligence

• Intelligence
• The ability to learn from experience, solve
  problems, and use knowledge to adapt to a new
  situation
• Is intelligence one thing or are there multiple
  intelligences?

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The Nature of Intelligence Howard Gardner (1943-
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• Author of a contemporary theory of multiple
  intelligences consisting of eight separate kinds
  of intelligence

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The Nature of Intelligence Emotional Intelligence

• Emotional Intelligence
• The ability to perceive, express, understand, and
  regulate emotions
• People high in emotional intelligence are more in
  touch with their feelings and the feelings of
  others.

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The Nature of Intelligence Emotional Intelligence

• Charles Spearman (1863-1945)
• Theorized that a general intelligence factor (g)
  underlies other, more specific aspects of
  intelligence
• General Intelligence (g)
• General intelligence factor that Spearman
  believed underlies specific mental abilities and
  is therefore measured by every task on an
  intelligence test

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Intelligence Testing Alfred Binet

• Alfred Binet (1857-1911)
• Developer of the first test to classify
  childrens abilities using the concept of mental
  age
• Assumed childrens intellectual abilities grew
  every year
• Mental Age
• The chronological age that corresponds to the
  difficulty of the questions a child can answer
• An average 8-year-old child should have the
  mental age of 8 years.
• Chronological Age
• The actual age of a person

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Intelligence Testing Lewis Terman

• Lewis Terman (1877-1956)
• Adapted Binets tests for use in the United
  States as the Stanford-Binet intelligence test
• The test reported intelligence as a calculated
  IQ score.
• Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
• The number that results from Terman and Sterns
  formula for computing the level of a persons
  intelligence
• IQ (MA/CA) X 100
• A score of 100 would be considered average
• Formula has been replaced with modern versions

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Intelligence Testing David Weschler

• David Weschler (1896-1981)
• Developed the Wechsler intelligence scales which
  included
• Different tests for different age groups
• Separate verbal and nonverbal scores
• Subtests and subtest scores

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Intelligence Testing Group Tests

• Originally designed for the army in World War I
• Can be given to large numbers of people
• Those supervising the test do not need extensive
  training
• Are very easy to score
• Not the most reliable

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Test Construction Achievement and Aptitude Tests

• Achievement Tests
• Tests that attempt to measure what the test-taker
  has accomplished
• i.e. classroom tests at the end of a unit
• Aptitude Tests
• Tests that attempt to predict the test-takers
  future performance
• Examples ACT and SAT

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Test Construction Reliability and Validity

• Test Reliability
• The extent to which a test yields consistent
  results
• Types of Reliability
• Test-retest reliability - taking the same test
  and receiving a similar score
• Split-half - the score on one half of a tests
  questions is similar to the score on the other
  half
• Scorer reliability the score of the test should
  be similar no matter which scorer is scoring the
  test

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Test Construction Reliability and Validity

• Test Validity
• The extent to which a test measures or predicts
  what it is suppose to
• Does an achievement test accurately measure
  accomplishments?
• Does an aptitude test accurately measure the
  persons future performance?
• One needs to know the purpose of the test

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Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores

• A number of studies show scoring differences
  between different racial, ethnic, and gender
  groups.
• Are these differences due to nature or to
  nurture? Studies suggest environment is playing a
  heavy role.
• Heredity and environment interact to produce
  intelligence in individuals.

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