Cells and Heredity

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Cells and Heredity

• Chapter 1 Cell Structure and Function.
• Section 1-Discovering Cells

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• Section 1 Discovering Cells Objectives-
• Explain how the invention of the microscope
  contributed to the scientists understanding of
  living things
• State the three points of cell theory
• Describe how a microscope works, including how a
  lenses magnifies an object.

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Vocabulary

• 1. cellThe basic unit of structure and function
  in living things.

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• 2. microscopeAn instrument that makes small
  objects look larger.

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• 3. compound microscopeA light microscope that
  has more than one lens.

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• 4. cell theoryA widely accepted explanation of
  the relationship between cells and living things.

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• 5. magnificationThe ability to make things look
  larger than they are.

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• 6. convex lensA curved lens in which the center
  is thicker than the edges.

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• 7. resolutionThe ability to clearly distinguish
  the individual parts of an object.

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Notes

• 1. The invention of the __________________ made
  it possible for people to discover and learn
• about ________.

microscope
cells
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Names to know

• Robert Hooke. 1663. One of the first people to
  observe cells. He observed a thin slice of cork
  using a compound microscope that he built
  himself.
• The cork looked like tiny rectangular rooms,
  which he called cells.

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• Anton van Leeuwenhoek (around the same time that
  Hooke made his discovery)
• Observed tiny objects with microscopes.
• He made his own lenses to construct simple
  microscopes
• He looked at water from a pond and saw one-celled
  organisms that he called animalcules, meaning
  little animals

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• Matthais Schleiden (1838) German scientist
  concluded that all plants are made of cells.
• Theodor Schwann (1839)-German scientist that
  concluded that animals are made of cells.

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• Up until this time, people did not understand
  where cells came from.
• Most people thought that living things could come
  from non living matter.
• German Doctor Rudolf Virchow proposed that cells
  are only formed from existing cells.

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The observations of Hooke, Leeuwenhoek,
Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow, and others let to
the development of the Cell Theory.

• 2. The cell theory states
• A.
• B.
• C.

All living things are composed of cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure and
function in living things.
All cells are produced from other cells
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• 3. A microscope magnifies an object by
• _______________________________

Bending the light that passes through them.
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convex

• 4. A ____________________lens is
• thicker in the middle than at the edges.

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resolution

• 5. ____________________________ is the sharpness
  of an image, while _________________________ is
  making an image appear larger than it really is.

magnification
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Cells and Heredity

• Chapter 1 Cell Structure and Function
• Section 2 Looking Inside Cells

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• Section 2-Looking Inside Cells
• Identify the roll of the cell membrane and
  nucleus in the cell
• Describe the functions performed by other
  organelles in the cell
• Compare bacterial cells with plant and animal
  cells
• Describe the role of specialized cells in many
  celled organisms
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vgFuEo2ccTPA

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Vocab

• 8. OrganelleA tiny cell structure that carries
  out a specific function within the cell.

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• 9. Cell wallA rigid layer of nonliving material
  that surrounds the cells of plants and some other
  organisms.

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• 10. cell membraneA cell structure that controls
  which substances can enter or leave the cell.

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• 11. nucleusA cell structure that contains
  nucleic acids, the chemical instructions that
  direct all the cells activities.

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• 12. chromatinMaterial in cells that contains
  DNA and carries genetic information.

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• 13. cytoplasmThe region between the cell
  membrane and the nucleus in organisms without a
  nucleus, the region located inside the cell
  membrane.

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• 14. mitochondriaRod-shaped cell structures that
  produce most of the energy needed to carry out
  the cells functions.

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• 15. endoplasmic reticulumA cell structure that
  forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and
  other materials are carried from one part of the
  cell to another.

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• 16. ribosomeA small grain-like structure in the
  cytoplasm of a cell where proteins are made.

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• 17. Golgi bodyA structure in a cell that
  receives proteins and other newly formed
  materials from the endoplasmic reticulum,
  packages them, and distributes them to other
  parts of the cell.

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• 18. chloroplastA structure in the cells of
  plants and some other organisms that captures
  energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food.

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• ADD somewhere on vocab page
• vacuoleA water-filled sac inside a cell that
  acts as a storage area.

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• 19. lysosomeA small round cell structure that
  contains chemicals that break down large food
  particles into smaller ones.

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Notes
Cell membrane

• 1. The ______________________ protects the cell
  and controls what substances enter and exit it.

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nucleus

• 2. The ______________________ controls all the
  cells activities.

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• 3. See pages 26-27 in your Cells and Heredity
  Text. Match the organelle to its City
  Function.
• 1. Cell Wall _________

H
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D

• 2. Cell Membrane ________

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J

• 3. nucleus ________

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F

• 4. chromatin ________

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I

• 5. mitochondria _______

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C

• 6. endoplasmic reticulum ___________

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B

• 7. ribosomes _________

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A

• 8. Golgi Bodies ________

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G

• 9. chloroplasts _______

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K

• 10. vacuoles ________

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E

• 11. lysosomes _______

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• 4. The three functions of organelles are
• A.
• B.
• C.

Produce energy
Build and transport needed materials
Store recycle wastes
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• 5. Bacterial cells do not contain a
  ______________________.

nucleus
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Cells and Heredity

• Chapter 1 Cell Structure and Function
• Section 3 Chemical Compounds in Cells

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• Section 3-Chemical Compounds in Cells
• Describe the four main kinds of organic molecules
  in living things.
• Explain how water is important to the functioning
  of cells.

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• 20. elementAny substance that cannot be broken
  down into simpler substances.

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• 21. atomThe smallest unit of an element.

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• 22. compoundTwo or more elements that are
  chemically combined.

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• 23. moleculeThe smallest unit of most
  compounds.

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• 24. organic compoundA compound that contains
  carbon.

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• 25. inorganic compoundA compound that does not
  contain carbon.

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• 26. carbohydratesEnergy-rich organic compounds,
  such as sugars and starches, that are made of the
  elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

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• 27. proteinsLarge organic molecules made of
  carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes
  sulfur.

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• 28. amino acidsSmall molecules that are linked
  together chemically to form proteins.

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• 29. enzymeA type of protein that speeds up a
  chemical reaction in a living thing.

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• 30. lipidsEnergy-rich organic compounds, such
  as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of
  carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

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• 31. nucleic acidA very large organic molecule
  made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and
  phosphorus, that contains instructions that cells
  need to carry out all the functions of life.

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• 32. DNADeoxyribonucleic acid the genetic
  material that carries information about an
  organism and is passed from parent to offspring.

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• 33. RNARibonucleic acid a nucleic acid that
  plays an important role in the production of
  proteins.

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• 1. Four main groups of organic compounds
• A.
• B.
• C.
• D.

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
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• 2. Two examples of inorganic compounds
• A.
• B.

H2O - water
NaCl - Sodium chloride (table salt)
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• 3. Plant cells store excess energy in the
• form of _____________________.

starch
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• 4. Proteins are made from the elements
• A.
• B.
• C.
• D.
• E.

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen

• (and sometimes Sulfur)

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Enzymes

• 5. ________________in our saliva speed up
  digestion by breaking down
• _______________ into
• __________________.

starches
sugars
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oils
fats

• 6. __________,__________
• and __________ are all lipids.

waxes
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water

• 7. Without ____________ most
• ___________ reactions would not take
• place.

chemical
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Cells and Heredity

• Chapter 1 Cell Structure and Function
• Section 4 The Cell in Its Environment

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Section 4- Objectives

• Describe 3 methods in which molecules move in and
  out of cells
• Compare passive and active transport.

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• 34. selectively permeableA property of cell
  membranes that allows some substances to pass
  through, while others cannot.

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• 35. diffusionThe process by which molecules
  move from an area of higher concentration to an
  area of lower concentration.

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• 36. osmosisThe diffusion of water molecules
  through a selectively permeable membrane.

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• 37. passive transportThe movement of materials
  through a cell membrane without using energy.

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• 38. active transportThe movement of materials
  through a cell membrane using energy.

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Notes

• 1. Three ways substances can move into and out of
  cells
• A._______________
• B._______________
• C._______________

diffusion
osmosis
Active transport
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Active

• 2. _______________ transport requires energy,
  while ____________transport does not.

Passive
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Review-Organic Compounds Graphic Organizer
carbohydrates

• A.
• B.
• C.
• D.
• E.

proteins
Fats, oils, waxes
sugar
DNA
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