Discovery%20and%20Expansion

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Discovery and Expansion

• Chapter 14

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Background

• Age of Exploration-period from 1450-1650
• A. Era of improved geographical knowledge and
  technology
• B. Age of migration of Europeans to other parts
  of the world
• C. Colonization resulted in political control of
  S and N America, coastal regions of Africa,
  India, China, Japan, and SE Asia
• D. Colonization followed by introduction of
  European life into other areas of the world.

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Overseas Exploration and Conquest

• Viking explorations-under Eric the Red and Leif
  Erickson, discovered Greenland and coast of N
  America
• A. Made permanent settlements on Iceland,
  Ireland and England
• 2. Crusades-failed European attempt to control
  other peoples expanded European technological
  knowledge
• 3. Political centralization in Spain, France, and
  England allowed these countries to push outward

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• 4. Portugal took the lead in overseas exploration
  due to stable financial situation
• A. Prince Henry the Navigator founded school for
  exploration led expeditions down western coast
  of Africa
• B. Portugal established trading posts in N
  Africa coasts on Mediterranean controlled gold
  trade between Africa and Europe
• C. Bartholomew Diaz (1487)-rounded Cape of Good
  Hope to reach southern tip of Africa
• D. Vasco da Gama (1499)-rounded Cape of Good
  Hope and reached India

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• E. As Portugal went on to establish ports in
  Brazil and in S Asia, Port of Lisbon became entry
  port of Asian goods into Europe
• F. Portuguese attempted to take over Muslim
  control of spice trade in SE Asia by using
  military force0the cannon
• 1. Established coastal trading posts in Asia as
  a means to bring Christianity into the Dark
  Regions of Asia

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Technological Stimuli to Exploration

• Canon-iron and bronze guns developed to pacify
  areas under conquest
• A. Eventually evolved from land based weapon to
  sea based weapon
• 2. Improved ships
• A. Caravel-small, light, 3 sailed ship able to
  maneuver easily and carry canon to prove
  effective military force
• 3. Magnetic compass
• 4. Astrolabe-instrument developed by Muslims
  which allowed explorers to determine latitude in
  relation to the Equator
• 5. Improved cartography and knowledge of wind and
  sea patterns

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Cortes
Pizzaro
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Explorers Motives

• E Gs-God, Gold and Glory
• God-religious zeal to spread Christianity to less
  civilized societies became Gods calling led to
  missionary effort in New World
• Gold-dreams of unlimited resources in foreign
  lands also complimented by desire to control
  spice trade (emerged as a result of Crusades)
• Glory-European crowns financed overseas ventures
  outward growth of Renaissance spirit of curiosity
  and quest for achievement
• 1. Ex Spanish conquistadors Cortez and Pizzaro

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Problem of Christopher Columbus

• Pioneer of Christian civilization in New World,
  or source of slavery and demise of native
  population?
• A. Sought and believed that he had discovered
  trans-Atlantic passage to Indies
• B. Established government in Caribbean and began
  encomienda and slave labor system in New
  World-origins of racism
• 2. Positives
• A. Initiated new era in history by transforming
  modern world into global world

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Later Explorers

• Impact of Columbian Encounter
• 1. News of discovery spread quickly throughout
  Europe as regional newspapers recorded for events
  in local vernacular
• A. Amerigo Vespucci-wrote Mundus Novus first
  written document to describe New World as a
  continent separate from Asia
• 2. Spanish exploration determined by precious
  metal locations

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• 3. Ferdinand Magellan-commissioned by Spanish
  ruler Charles V to find direct route to spice
  islands
• A. Although Magellan killed in Philippines, crew
  returned to Spain as first to successfully
  circumnavigate the globe
• 4. Spanish Conquistadors
• A. Hernando Cortes-successfully conquered Aztecs
  in Mexico due to military superiority and
  trickery
• B. Francisco Pizzaro-defeated Incas in Peru

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• 5. Antwerp emerged as center fro overseas wealth
  as spices and overseas bullion flowed thru its
  center
• 6. Amsterdam eventually replaced Antwerp as
  commercial center by end of 16th century
• A. Dutch East India Company-major organ of Dutch
  imperialism
• B. Expelled Portuguese from SE Asia
• 7. English and French-slow to explore
• A. John Cabot-discovered Newfoundland in attempt
  to discover NW Passage
• B. Jacques Cartier-explored St. Lawrence River
• 1. Quebec eventually became 1st permanent French
  settlement in 1608

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Economic Effects of Spains Discoveries in the
New World

• Golden Century of Spain-reference to 16th century
  accomplishments of Spanish in New World and their
  impact in Europe
• A. Huge influx of precious metals-mostly silver
• B. Steady population increase led to increased
  demand for products colonies in Americas led to
  inflationary prices and demise of economy
• 1. influx of silver bullion allowed King Philip
  II to repay debts in inflated silver-now affected
  global economy prices of food and wages unable
  to keep up with rate of inflation

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Columbian Exchange

• Origins of global market-the Columbian Exchange
  or Great Circuit
• A. Result of migration of peoples from Europe to
  Americas which led to exchange of foodstuffs and
  livestock
• 1. American goods-corn, beans, squash, pumpkins,
  tomatoes and potatoes
• 2. European goods-horses, cattle, sheep, pigs,
  and chickens
• B. Europeans also brought disease-smallpox-with
  them and onto Native Population-90 decrease in
  Native Population

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Colonial Administration

• Spanish crown divided New World into 4
  Viceroyalties (Administrative decisions)
• A. New Spain-Mexico, Central America, and
  present day American Southwest capital based out
  of Mexico City
• B. Peru-lands of upper South American Continent
• C. New Grenada-southern portion of Central
  America capital based out of Bogota
• D. La Plata-Argentina Capital based out of
  Buenos Aires

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• 2. Viceroy-imperial governor of each province
  that exercised military and civil authority
• A. Presided over Audencia-board of judges that
  served as his advisory council and judicial body
• B. Intendants-royal officials who possess
  military, administrative, and financial authority
  who were directly responsible to the king

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• 3. Mercantilist Economic System-colonies existed
  for financial benefit of mother country
• A. focused on mining of gold and silver
• B. crown claimed Quinto-1/5 of all precious
  metals yielded 25 of crowns income
• C. manufactured goods shipped to Americas
• 4. Brazil-controlled by Portuguese
• A. Also restricted by mercantilist policies
• B. Developed use of black slave labor due to
  introduction of coffee, cotton, and eventually
  sugar
• C. Brazils society-rich mixture of black,
  white, and natives

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European Slavery and the Origins of American
Racism

• Slavery in pre-modern world result of Plague and
  need for agricultural workers
• Italian merchants sought slaves from Balkans
• Most slaves were white, therefore racism not
  present
• Ottoman sack of Constantinople in 1453 cut off
  Slavic slave trade, forcing Europeans to seek
  alternative source- Sub-Saharan Africa
• Bible- mentions slavery, interpret to sanction
  practice, therefore no moral implications
• Italian merchants provided capital, cane, and
  technology for sugar cultivation in Portugal and
  Canary Islands
• From 1490-1530, Port of Lisbon saw importation of
  1-2k slaves annually
• Slaves eventually transported to Azores and Cape
  Verdes Islands in Atlantic
• Sugar plants brought to Americas

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• Spanish forced labor of natives (encomienda
  system) proved disastrous as natives unable to
  adapt to working conditions and lacked immunity
  to disease
• Bartolome de las Casas- urged Charles V to end
  Indian slavery and import black slaves from
  Africa due to witnessing of harsh conditions of
  encomienda system
• Charles V initiated start of African slave trade
  in 1518 due to ability of African slaves to adapt
  to tropical climate
• Portuguese brought first slaves to Brazil by
  1600, importing 4k slaves annually
• Expanded by founding of Dutch West India Company
  and English Royal African Company
• Origins of Racism
• Christian theological speculation- perceived as
  barbarians and heathens
• Arab ideas- writings depicted Africans as
  intellectually inferior
• Both combines with contemporary European
  attitudes birth of modern racism

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Slave Trade

• Impacted peoples along the coastPortuguese forts
  along West Africa and Dutch at the Cape of Good
  Hope. (Trade did not really affect the people in
  the interior of Africa).
• Not newpracticed in Africa since ancient times,
  but it increased rapidly beginning in 15th c.
  Portuguese replaced European slaves with
  Africans. Then, the introduction of sugarcane
  plantations in Caribbean changed everything. New
  product important to Triangular Trade.
• As demand increased, African middlemen moved
  inland to find supply.

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S, E, P effects of the Trade

• Families, depopulation
• Undermining of cottage industry, poverty
• Increased warfare and violence

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Effects in the East

• Portugal did not have the means economically, nor
  in force, to dominate Southeast Asia.
• Beginning in the 17th c., the Dutch dominated and
  occupied the Portuguese coastal forts throughout
  the Indian Ocean. (Indonesia in particular
  because of heavy demand of spices).
• Europeans became involved in factional disputes
  to weaken Asian nations.
• Mainland Southeast Asia, such as Vietnam,
  Cambodia, and Thailand were able to resist
  control due to their political solidarity.

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India

• Portuguese, English, Dutch, French
• 17th c. English increased trade posts and became
  quite successful with trading goods between
  England, India, and East Indies Sir Robert Clive
  of the East India Trade Company consolidated
  control of Indiadefeat of the Mughal empire
  enabled the BEIC to remain in authority until
  crown takes control in 19th c.
• Key to success with Britain was government aid.

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China

• Ming dynasty devastated by epidemic and revolt
  (17th c.).
• Qing dynasty (Manchus) 17th-18th c. Decline began
  due to excessive population and treasury expenses
  due to frontier control. Russian threats from
  the north pressured for trade English replaced
  Portuguese in demands for trade along coast. To
  keep China pure contact was limited to just
  outside Canton but the East India Company
  continued to press for China to be open to
  receiving British manufactured goods (this will
  be denied).

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Japan

• Tokugawa Shogun
• Initiated strict reaction to Christian
  missionaries restricted trade and expelled
  Europeans
• Only Dutch left in small area of Nagasaki because
  they didnt become involved in missionary
  activities however, they faced heavy
  restrictions.

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Impact

• Central and South AmericaLatin America
• Multiracial (mulatto and mestizo)
• Ecology (animals and plants)Columbian exchange
• Catholic missionaries (Dominicans, Franciscans,
  Jesuits) military, hospitals, schools,
  orphanages, western culture, achievements, and
  ideas
• Womennew opportunities (land-owners, nunneries)
• Trade wars
• Eurocentric perspective (superiority)

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World Economy

• 16th c. Inflation (price revolution) 2-3 a
  yearmostly in food prices (wheat)
• Wages were stagnant, and standard of living
  decreased for workers aristocrats prospered
  Entrepreneurs benefitted b/c of rising prices,
  cheap labor, and expanding markets
• Governments borrowed from banks and instituted
  new taxes
• Stimulus to investment and capitalism
• Debatesinflux of metals from New World?
  Increased population demands?

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Profits

• Joint stock companies
• Shipbuilding
• Technology
• Mining
• Banking and Exchanges
• Mercantilismacquisition of gold and silver
  bullion state intervention, government
  regulations for benefit of the state
• Peasantsstill 80 of population and no
  improvements