The Crusades

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The Crusades
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Quote

• "That others have a just grievance against us is
  a more potent reason for hating them than that we
  have a just grievance against them" Hoffer, The
  True Believer

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The Crusades

• High ideas were besmirched by cruelty and greed,
  enterprise and endurance by a blind and narrow
  self righeousness, and the Holy War itself was
  nothing more than a long act of intolerance in
  the name of God, which is a sin against the Holy
  Ghost.-Sir Steven Runciman, In The History of
  the Crusades

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Council of Clermont

• March 1095 Alexius I, the emperor of the
  Byzantine Empire sent envoys to ask Urban for aid
  against the Turks. Why?
• Manzikert and Turkish success
• Why did Urban think this a good idea?
• Heal the Schism
• Get Knights out of Europe
• Increase secular power

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Pope Urban II

• At Clermont, Urban makes perhaps the most
  influential and important speech in European
  history.
• He calls for the French people to unite and
  retake the holy city of Jerusalem from the
  Muslims.
• Dieu le veut! -- "God wills it!"

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Speech at Clermont

• Let those who have been accustomed unjustly to
  wage private warfare against the faithful now go
  against the infidels and end with victory this
  war which should have been begun long ago. Let
  those who for a long time, have been robbers, now
  become knights. Let those who have been fighting
  against their brothers and relatives now fight in
  a proper way against the barbarians. Let those
  who have been serving as mercenaries for small
  pay now obtain the eternal reward. Let those who
  have been wearing themselves out in both body and
  soul now work for a double honor. 1
• Promised forgiveness for sins if you fought
  against the infidels

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Support for Urban

• Urban planned the departure of the crusade for
  August 15, 1096.
• Unexpected Response?
• Peter the Hermits Pilgrim Army.
• Urban and Alexius expected a few hundred knights.
  What did he get?
• Over 100,000 untrained people on a pilgrimage.
  Why did they all go?

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Peters Army (Peoples Crusade)

• Looted and fought with local peoples over
  supplies and cultural differences.
• Ended up being slaughtered by the Turks before
  the Popes army arrived.

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The Princes Crusade

• Leaders meet at Constantinople
• Bohemund, Godfrey and Baldwin.
• Problems?
• Travel/supplies
• Internal strife between leaders
• Ex. Godfrey and Baldwin

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Jerusalem

• Army reaches in 1099 after two years.
• Only about ¼ of the knights left. Some weep,
  fired up!

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Jerusalem

• Peter Desiderius vision
• July 15, 1099 the men broke through.
• Fulcher of Chartres "Indeed, if you had been
  there you would have seen our feet coloured to
  our ankles with the blood of the slain. But what
  more shall I relate? None of them were left
  alive neither women nor children were spared."

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Anonymous

• "When the pagans had been overcome, our men
  seized great numbers, both men and women, either
  killing them or keeping them captive, as they
  wished."10 Later it is written, "Our leaders
  also ordered all the Saracen dead to be cast
  outside because of the great stench, since the
  whole city was filled with their corpses and so
  the living Saracens dragged the dead before the
  exits of the gates and arranged them in heaps, as
  if they were houses. No one ever saw or heard of
  such slaughter of pagan people, for funeral pyres
  were formed from them like pyramids, and no one
  knows their number except God alone."

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Results

• Crusader States of Edessa, Antioch, Jerusalem,
  and Tripoli in Palestine and Syria
• Jerusalem in the hands of the Pope, with a King
  Alexius angry.
• ¼ of crusaders died on journey, and another ¼
  died fighting. The remaining men returned heroes
  or stayed to live and rule crusader states.
• What do you think possible future problems could
  be w/ the Crusader States?

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Outcome for Muslims

• Muslim division allowed crusaders to win.
• After crusades, a gradual push towards expelling
  crusaders led to unification of Eastern Muslims.
• Who leads this new union?

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2nd Crusade 1147-1149

• Stronger Muslim armies begin to unify and only a
  few hundred knights remain.
• Baldwin crowns himself King and poor leadership
  ensues.
• Louis VII loses at Damascus and goes home.

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Results

• Much of Crusader States lost, including Jerusalem
  in 1187.
• Reunified Islamic army led by Saladin.

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Outcomes of 1st and 2nd Crusades

• Christian Outcomes?

• Muslim Outcomes?

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Quiz

• 1). Called for 1st Crusade
• 2). Reforming monastery
• 3). Cities of God
• 4). Selling of Church procedures
• 5). Age of Faith
• A. Cluny D. 1000-1300
• B. 800-1100 E. Urban II
• C. Cathedral F. Simony