Kinetic%20Inductance%20Detectors

1
Kinetic Inductance Detectors

• SRON
• Stephen Yates, Jochem Baselmans, Andrey Baryshev,
  Jan Joost Lankwarden, Henk Hoevers.
• TNO
• G. Gerini, A. Neto, D. Bekers.
• TU Delft
• R. Barends, J.R. Gao, T.M. Klapwijk.
• Cardiff University
• S. Doyle, P.D. Mauskopf, P. Ade

Sub-mm
2
SRON The Netherlands Institute for Space Research

• Low Energy Astrophysics
• historically IRAS, ISO-SWS...
• PI for Herschel HIFI (PI)
• ALMA band 9
• High Energy Astrophysics
• XMM-Newton
• Sensor Research and Technology
• TES microcalorimeters for IXO (XEUS)
• KIDs research
• also HEBs
• Also
• Earth Orientated Science
• Engineering Division - ASIC development

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SPICA-SAFARI

• SPICA
• Japanese satellite
• 3.5 m 4 K mirror (first ever)
• -gt very low photon background
• European instrument SAFARI
• FIR-sub-mm FTS imaging spectrometer
• selected ESA cosmic vision program 2015
• 3 bands
• f/20 implies 31x31 mm arrays
• NEP lt 2?10-19 W/?Hz, 3dB roll-off gt 20 Hz

Band 1
4
KID Principle of operation
P. Day, et al., Nature 425, 817 (2003).

• Superconducting pair breaking detector
• Measure broken Cooper pairs by measuring the
  Kinetic Inductance
• At TltltTc Superconductor impedance

• Read out Zs by resonant circuit _at_ F2-8 GHz
• Combine superconductor in series with C
• Read-out using phase or amplitude!

Zs -i?LK
E
Superconductor
Quasiparticles N P? / ??
1
2
?
EF
Photons E gt 2?
1
2
Cooper Pairs
Superconductor
5
Antenna coupled KID
Antenna
RF Photons E gt 2?

• ¼ ? resonator _at_Freadout
• Most sensitive _at_ end
• Printed antenna _at_ FRF
• FRF gtgt Freadout
• Antenna does not influence resonator
• Needs lens!

Most sensitive area
CPW ¼ ? Resonator
L 5 mm _at_ 6 GHz
100 ?m
Coupler Length sets Coupling Q
Al ground plane
CPW Through line Readout signal 4 GHz
Bare substrate
Central conductor
2
1
6
Measured Beam Pattern
X
Y
7
SAFARI KID focal plane concept

• Si microlens array
• 2nm roughness
• 7nm spherical precision
• 250 nm position accuracy
• With markers

Antenna coupled KID design Printed
lithographically alignment using backside
markers present resonator design fits within
F/20 Alignment antenna-lenses within 1-2
?m Identical misalignment for all pixels (if
any)
No show stoppers expected for F/20 for all SPICA
arrays
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Dark NEP

• Measurements of noise, responsivity and lifetime
  gt NEP

• Lifetime 1 msec
• BW 160 Hz
• NEP6?10-19 W/?Hz
• 40 nmAl on Sapphire, sputtered
• 100 nm Al on SI, evaporated

• Dynamic Range using ?lt90
• P/NEP 10.000?Hz (KID 43)
• 3000 ?Hz (KID 44)
• Only optical coupling as uncertainty
• Calculations agree with optical NEP

9
IRAM camera

• Take advantage of work for SPICA
• Planar antenna experience
• Work on electronics
• Can support KID option
• Demonstrator 1kpixel
• array manufacturer
• advise/collaboration readout, electronics
• Need collaborators
• Neél/Rome/Cardiff

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Advantages KIDs

• Cryogenically simple
• 1 coax, cryogenic amplifier for 10000pixels
• Antenna coupling - can have multi
  band/polarisation or very wideband
• Have (electrical) NEPs better than required
• Simple manufacture - high yield (typical95)
• Sensitivity
• vibration insensitive
• magnetic field needs to be constant (i.e. SC
  shield) but doesn't change performance

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ADR setup

• Vericold GMBH
• Pulse tube 3.5K
• Dual stage ADR
• Tminlt50 mK

Sample holder 50 mK
Magnetic shield (bottom part)
Also 3K SC shield
NbTi Coax
Stainless Steel Coax, can use CuNi from 4K
DC blocks 50 mK
500 mK link
LNA
DC block
4 K stage
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SAFARI KID Readout

• Satalite 20 W , 5 kg
• Best first order estimate most optimistic design
• Power consumption 300 W using 180 nm ASIC, 80
  W using 90 nm ASIC
• 6000 pixels in 1 GHz BW gt Highly questionable!!!
• 20 x 50 MHz subbands, 6 dead pixels due to
  confusion
• DAC 53 dB SNR, ENOB8.6
• 40 analog mixers 4-8 kg
• On chip analog microwave cirquits optimised
  digital design needed
• ASIC design group within SRON
• Digital experience from Eureca - Xeus
• 4-8 GHz BW would be more realistic -gt factor 4 in
  power

10 MHz reference
2GHz
2.05GHz
2.1GHz




100Msample/sec DACs
20 mK
4K
ADC
DAC
ADC
DAC
ADC
DAC
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SAFARI KID cryogenic design242K 4K
Sub 1.7 K single shot Cooler

• 3 arrays, total 5940 pixels
• All pixels in 1 pair of cables
• SPICA has 11 temperature stages
• 3m from 242K 4.5K, 5 dB cable loss
• Sub 1.7K Cooler
• Sorption Cooler ADR, single shot
• LNAs HIFI heritage

100 mK 50nW
4.5 K 0.3mW 0.5m 0.9dB
1.7 K 1?W tbd 0
300 mK 0.5?W tbd 0
18 K 1mW 0.5m 0.9dB
41 K 2mW 0.5m 0.9dB
60 K 3mW 0.5m 0.9dB
85 K 4mW 0.5m 0.9dB
100 K 30mW 0.5m 0.9dB
242 K
2.5 K 8?W tbd 0
T Pload length loss
Warm electronics
3.6 mm CuNi Ag cladded coax
1.6 mm NbTi Coax
LNA 12 dB 2 mW
LNA 12 dB 2 mW
LNA 12 dB 2 mW
3 arrays in series